Page 97 - GHES-3-2

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Student anxiety/stress/depression

The results of the first Mann–Whitney U test (Table 1) on DASS). The interquartile range (IQR) of the group of
demonstrated a statistically significant difference between students with children was 3.00 and this value was 4.75
the two groups (students with and without children) only for the group of students without children (Kent State
in anxiety levels (U = 642, p = 0.005). The median of the University, 2023). Furthermore, the mean value for the
group of students with children was calculated at 1.00 group of students with children was reported at 1.69 and
(normal anxiety levels based on DASS) and was 3.00 for this statistic was 3.61 for the group of students without
students without children (normal anxiety levels based children. These values ranged within normal anxiety levels.
The second Mann–Whitney U test found no statistically
significant differences in anxiety levels (p = 0.395), stress
(p = 0.721), and depression (p = 0.493) between women and
men (Table 2).The third Mann–Whitney U test evidenced
no statistically significant differences between employed
and unemployed participants in their levels of anxiety
(p = 0.073), stress (p = 0.053), and depression (p = 0.053).
Noteworthily, however, the employed participants
registered higher values in all three scores (Table 2). The
Kruskal–Wallis tests revealed no statistically significant
difference between age groups (anxiety: p = 0.150,
depression: p = 0.574, stress: p = 0.159), marital status
Figure 1. Participants by age group (anxiety: p = 0.097, depression: p = 0.630, stress: p = 0.291),
sources of stress emanating from educational institutions
Table 1. Mann–Whitney U test results of anxiety, stress, (anxiety: p = 0.070, depression: p = 0.067, stress: p = 0.228)
or depression and their descriptors between students and relaxation activities (anxiety: p = 0.626, depression:
who are parents and students with no children regarding p = 0.674, stress: p = 0.224) (Table 3).
(NAI: Students with children, OXI: Students without children)
Regarding anxiety levels (Figure 2), normal values
D/A/S Test Statistic p were presented by 70.2% of the participants, while 18.1%
Depression score Mann–Whitney U 834 0.197 registered moderate values, and 11.7% recorded elevated
Stress score Mann–Whitney U 818 0.164 values. Specifically, students who did not have children
Anxiety score Mann–Whitney U 642 0.005 and presented normal anxiety values constituted 41.5%
Descriptives and students who were parents comprised 28.7%of the
participants.
Descriptive Kids Anxiety score Stress Depression
score score Notably, students who did not have children and
N No 62 62 62 recorded moderate levels of anxiety comprised 13.8%of
Yes 32 32 32 the total number of participants, while students who were
Missing No 0 0 0 parents constituted 4.2% of the total sample. Furthermore,
normal anxiety values were registered by 33% of female
Yes 0 0 0 participants without children and 21.3% of women
Mean No 3.61 6.15 2.79 students with children. Finally, 23.4% of the participants
Yes 1.69 4.50 1.72 who presented normal anxiety values were childless
Median No 3.00 5.00 2.00 women aged between 18 and 33 years, while 13.8% of the
Yes 1.00 4.00 1.00
Table 2. Mann–Whitney U test results on anxiety, stress, or
Standard No 3.52 4.38 3.03 depression for groups according to gender and work status
deviation
Yes 2.21 2.69 1.78 Group D/A/S Test Statistic p
IQR No 4.75 4.50 4.00 Gender Anxiety score Mann–Whitney U 776 0.721
Yes 3.00 3.00 2.00 Stress score Mann–Whitney U 739 0.493
Minimum No 0 0 0 Depression score Mann–Whitney U 722 0.395
Yes 0 0 0 Work Anxiety score Mann–Whitney U 725 0.053
Maximum No 13 16 13 Stress score Mann–Whitney U 723 0.053
Yes 8 11 7 Depression score Mann–Whitney U 743 0.073

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2025) 89 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.4906