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Gene & Protein in Disease Albumin (HSA) binding and health

both in terms of pressure and nutrients . Appropriate
[9]
concentrations of cellular nutrients improve recovery from
surgery and diabetes . All systemic pharmaceuticals
[10]
depend on not only the levels of WBF but also the binding
constraints of HSA in determining the constitution of the
blood, interstitial fluids, lymph, and other body fluids.
A successful protocol to maintain HSA at set levels will
alleviate diurnal and systemic variation, permitting
control of glucose and ketone levels by allowing the precise
maintenance of pancreatic and adrenal hormones, which
also compete for transport by binding to HSA. As liver
HSA production increases all other components of the
Figure 1. HSA levels are age-dependent and have a direct relationship to blood change correspondingly, each component forms
mortality due to COVID-19 and other illnesses [1,2,4,5] . HSA levels drop in an equilibrium determined by its timing and distribution
males from the age of 50 and females at about 65, corresponding to an through the interstitial fluid and lymph. All other proteins
increased risk of illnesses; in this case, the risk of serious illnesses and and cellular distribution of blood components are
death stems from COVID-19 [1,2,4,5] .
maintained secondary to HSA including nutrients, red
and white blood cell count, and the levels of hormones and
changes are reflected in the ability of the liver to maintain waste. HSA through its control of colloidal pressure and
levels needed for systemic delivery of almost all nutrients, WBF therefore underlies both the maintenance of blood
including gaseous exchange [2,3] . pressure and the efficiency of the heart.
There are two main mechanisms for adjusting cellular
health when illness occurs: Either remove the irritation 2. COVID-19 and albumin (HSA)
or adjust the medium the cells are bathed in to maintain We have recently demonstrated the HSA lymphatic
the best survival. In cases of COVID-19, influenza, and nutrient pump (HSALNP) and its critical importance to
bacterial diseases, the conventional wisdom is to remove health (Figure 2) and HSA (Figure 1) [11-13] . The HSALNP
[1]
the offending virus or bacteria. This is usually done by a independently pumps nutrients by means of circulation
vaccine, which uses the body’s own immune system to of nutrient-bound HSA in the blood and lymph. HSA
create antibodies to promote dissipation or antibiotics is the primary intermediate nutrient transporter. HSA
which destroy the bacteria in situ. The second method is production, circulation, and concentration therefore
to stabilize cells and the immune system by altering the maintain the body’s ability to adapt on acclimatization and
medium in which they sit. This method must take into injury. We defined the symptoms of sepsis as being caused
consideration a number of factors because the systemic by insufficient binding of HSA causing insufficient HSA-
system controlling individual organs and cellular structures bound nutrients and colloidal pressure in the interstitial
is diverse, and during illness, normal vascular control is spaces flowing to the lymph [1,2] . Insufficient HSA binding
usually impeded. We suggest one method of increasing can be caused by the lack of HSA or temporary occupation
the immunity of the body is to improve nutrient supply of binding sites on HSA (when COVID-19 virions and
and colloid oncotic pressure to the cells. In our previous other immunoglobulins bind). Cellular damage is timing-
papers, we covered evidence such as the age profile of dependent on essential nutrients, such as glucose being
has levels (Figure 1) and the possibility of raising HSA. controlled and distributed by the liver to the deep cells of
This can be done by infusion of HSA to the circulation organs. HSA transport of proteins, for example, C-reactive
through the liver and increasing whole body fluids (WBF) protein (CRP), a known component of the endothelial
to a level at which the cardiovascular/lymphatic system is glycocalyx, from the liver is common during infection [6,14,15] ,
most efficient. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) has been and endothelial glycocalyx degradation is a known factor
found as a useful biomarker of fatal outcome in pregnant in COVID-19 infection .
[15]
COVID-19 patients . In our previous papers, we have The HSALNP (Figure 2) is a circulatory system that
[8]
already explained the relevance of HSA to pregnancy [1,2,4,5] should be considered separately from the conventional
that the pregnant mothers can become HSA binding- cardiovascular capillary circuit and is concerned with
deficient leading to increased vulnerability because the nutrition of the cells. The HSALNP circulates within
fetus does not produce its own HSA. the interstitial spaces to the lymph then to venous
In anesthesiology and surgery, maintaining correct return during multiple-hour half-life. It is pressure- and
WBF is essential for the efficiency of heart and lungs hormone-dependent. HSA concentration is maintained

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.0328