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Gene & Protein in Disease Albumin (HSA) binding and health

hormone [44-47] . The level of ketones should be assessed, needle biopsy under ultrasound is now a regular procedure
ideally in the hepatic vein, arterial blood, and venous and has been used for the liver , and this technique can be
[54]
blood, to monitor their usage and production. used for safe cannulation of the HPV. The importance of the
[55]
Albumin and magnesium concentrations are linearly HPV has been shown during insulin clamp .
related at high and low albumin concentrations [48,49] . Both 5.1. Lungs and COVID-19
magnesium and calcium are bound to HSA, with up to 80%
of the calcium bound to HSA. The relationship between this The lungs are almost always the first point of infection in
competitive binding is well known, with the metabolism COVID-19. Any damage to the lungs affects the primary
of magnesium and calcium, which are interdependent, circuit of the HSALNP, affecting all metabolites in the
closely related to the intestinal absorption and the renal blood. Metabolites controlled by the liver, such as glucose
excretion [48,50] . Plasma calcium concentration is maintained and ketones, are selectively metabolized according to
within a narrow range by the coordinated action of the activity of the lungs. In damaged tissue, ketosis is
parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25(OH) D , calcitonin, and a danger. Reduced respiration will reduce the level of
2
3
ionized calcium (iCa ) . HSA is an intermediary that acetone removal and promote ketoacidosis. In cases of
2+ [46]
transport both calcium and magnesium, which compete for lung damage, infusion of has to the liver should be to a
binding and dissolution in surrounding fluid. Transport of well-ventilated supine subject, with at least ketone/glucose
both calcium and magnesium is dependent on HSA levels levels monitored and adjusted. Levels of adrenaline should
for binding and appropriate oncotic pressures to adequately be at least stable.
supply cells. Modified calcium and magnesium ratios are 5.2. Albumin-binding deficiency
implicated in COVID-19 vulnerabilities [51,52] .
Here, we provide evidence that ABD is the primary
Appropriate pressure regulation of cardiac function cause of sepsis. In ABD where lung inflammation is not
is dependent on the concentrations of body fluids and problematic, direct infusion to the HPV should adequately
their distribution. Levels of overall pressure in the cells raise WBF and reduce vulnerabilities and sepsis. An
supplying nutrients are then maintained by repetitive HSA rise will affect all other components of the blood
heartbeats and colloidal pressure, which depends on HSA accordingly. In ill patients, timing is still critical and care
and maintains fluid volume to the capillary endothelia should be taken as the effluent from the lymph mixes with
and interstitial spaces. For a healthy heart, sufficient blood that of the plasma. It is the various timings of ligand-HSA
must be returned to the heart with every filling of the complexes passing through the interstitial spaces that
atria so that the ventricles can operate within their limits result in lymph formation. The lymph flows back into the
as defined by the Frank-Starling effect. It is the liver and venous circuit and changes the components of the plasma.
HSA production that defines WBF, blood volume, and This process may take many hours through the interstitial
content providing both a stable WBF and cardiovascular spaces to the lymph, depending on the specific ligand
output within the limits of each individual physiology, by and flow rate. The effect of all organs releasing lymph
sampling pressure at its lowest in the HPV.
contributes to variations in concentrations, such as diurnal
Serum albumin concentration is an important variations. With insufficient HSA or a depletion of binding
predictor of both baseline hemoglobin and erythropoietin potential caused by blocked HSA as in glycation, or
sensitivity . Erythropoietin released during sustained competitive binding with immunoglobulins, nutrients may
[53]
hypoxia leads to changes in hemoglobin following 6 weeks be exchanged before reaching the deep interstitial cells.
of acclimatization. Increasing WBF and blood volume will This produces both colloidal and nutrient deficiency at the
have an immediate effect on increasing blood flow, which level of both the cells and the cardiovascular circulation.
may alleviate some sensitivity to HSA infusion. However, An increase of HSA concentration increases blood volume,
acute-phase reactants such as highly sensitive CRP [42,43] , and maintenance of that concentration should permit deep
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, procalcitonin, cells to be optimally perfused by HSA.
interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin
1 are elevated in most cases of sepsis, and early elevation is 5.3. Suggested protocol for administration of HSA
associated with high mortality if left untreated. We suggest monitoring glucose, ketones and corresponding
hormones, insulin, and glucagon with the aim of
5. Discussion maintaining a balance, where necessary, as close as the
Successful increase in HSA level depends on different physiologically normal levels in the HPV. Both pancreatic
pathologies of individuals and the technology to cannulate and adrenal hormones are important in maintaining
the HPV, evaluate, and correct nutrients and hormones. Core primary ketone/glucose balance during stress and must be

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.0328