Page 47 - GPD-4-3

Gene & Protein in Disease NLRP3 in SCI and CHM

Table 1. Herbal medicine targeting NLRP3 inflammasome reducing inflammation associated with the injury. A
94
for the treatment of spinal cord injury separate study has demonstrated that a scaffold enriched
with quercetin possesses anti-inflammatory effects and
Herbal Author Model Results
medicine facilitates functional recovery in rats with SCI, in addition
Curcumin Yarahmadi Male Wistar rats Nlrp3 downregulation; to inhibiting NLRP3 activity. These findings suggest that
et al. 90 caspase-1 gene quercetin plays a significant role in inhibiting NLRP3 and
downregulation alleviating inflammation during and after SCI. 28,83,95
Ghaffari Male Wistar rats Nlrp3 downregulation; 4.3. Resveratrol
et al. 87 caspase-1 gene
downregulation Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene) is a small
Quercetin Wang Female Inhibited NLRP3; polyphenolic compound first extracted from the roots
et al. 94 Sprague-Dawley reduced IL-1β levels; of white hellebore. Initially, its properties were not well
rats understood; however, over time, it has garnered significant
Ebrahimi Male Wistar rats Nlrp3 downregulation; interest from researchers. At present, numerous studies
96
et al. 95 caspase-1 gene have demonstrated that resveratrol may offer therapeutic
downregulation benefits in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
Resveratrol Jiang Male Japanese Nlrp3 downregulation; ischemic injuries, and inflammation. 97,98 In the context of
et al. 104 big-ear rabbits caspase-1 gene
downregulation; SCI, resveratrol has been shown to be particularly effective
IL-1β downregulation in mitigating the adverse effects associated with spinal
Rutin Wu et al. 107 Female Sprague– Nlrp3 downregulation; cord damage. Evidence suggests that the administration
Dawley rats caspase-1 gene of resveratrol can enhance neuronal protection and
downregulation; promote functional recovery in rat models of SCI. 99,100
IL-1β downregulation Furthermore, investigations have revealed that resveratrol
Abbreviations: IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor can inhibit various biological compounds associated with
protein 3. inflammation during SCI. 100,101
4.2. Quercetin The NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as a
particularly intriguing target in the study of inflammation,
Quercetin is a flavonoid found in various vegetables, fruits, drawing significant attention from researchers. Evidence
and nuts. Its IUPAC name is 3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxyf has shown that resveratrol is capable of inhibiting
91
lvanone (or its synonym 3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxy-2- the NLRP3 inflammasome in various inflammatory
phenylchromen-4-one), and its molecular formula is conditions, including lung injury, liver disease,
103
102
C H O . Extensive research has shown that quercetin and SCI. Notably, the biological characteristics of
92
104
10
15
7
possesses the ability to inhibit both inflammation and resveratrol suggest a mechanism of action similar to that
oxidative stress. Furthermore, it has been documented that of other polyphenolic compounds, such as curcumin
quercetin exhibits other beneficial properties, including and quercetin, in inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
88
anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, and anti-viral effects. 91,92 Research utilizing a rabbit model has demonstrated that
Numerous studies have explored the relationship between resveratrol promotes recovery in animals with SCI. The
quercetin and the NLRP3 inflammasome, particularly findings indicate that resveratrol is associated with the
regarding its role in inflammation. This association has downregulation of NLRP3 and caspase-1 compared to
been observed across various disease models, including the control group. The authors of the study suggested
osteoarthritis, diabetic retinopathy, and SCI, as evidenced that, due to its anti-inflammatory properties, resveratrol
by multiple investigations. 28,92,93 may effectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus
It is important to note that, similar to other phenolic playing a significant role in the treatment and prevention
and flavonoid compounds, quercetin inhibits NLRP3 of complications related to SCI. 104
and caspase-1, which prevents the conversion of pro-
IL-1β into its active, secreted form, ultimately leading to 4.4. Rutin
a reduction in inflammation. Research indicates that Rutin, also known as 3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-
88
the administration of 100 mg of quercetin per kilogram rhamnoglucoside, is a flavonol commonly found in various
can inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plant species such as passion flowers, buckwheat, tea, and
and mitigate histopathological changes in a rat model apples. This compound is characterized by its lipophilic
of SCI. In addition, quercetin has been shown to nature, which allows it to dissolve in organic solvents,
28
decrease the expression of NLRP3 following SCI, thereby including pyridine, methanol, and ethanol. 105,106 Research

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 5 doi: 10.36922/gpd.4827