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Gene & Protein in Disease                                                       NLRP3 in SCI and CHM



            indicates that rutin possesses multiple bioactive properties,   Availability of data
            functioning as an antioxidant, anti-cancer agent, anti-
            inflammatory substance, and neuroprotective agent.    Not applicable.
                                                         105
            Moreover, it has been associated with therapeutic benefits   References
            for conditions such as diabetes, alzheimer’s disease, stroke,
            and spinal cord injuries. 106                      1.   Chen J, Shen Y, Shao X, Wu W. An emerging role of
                                                                  inflammasomes in spinal cord injury and spinal cord tumor.
              In the context of SCI, rutin has been shown to alleviate   Front Immunol. 2023;14:1119591.
            symptoms by inhibiting key biological components,      doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119591
            including the NLRP3 inflammasome. Experimental studies
            involving rats have demonstrated that the administration of   2.   Fallah N, Noonan VK, Sharwood LN. Epidemiology,
            50 mg/kg of rutin results in a reduction of NLRP3, IL-1β,   evidence-based  care,  and  outcomes  in  spinal  cord  injury.
            and  caspase-1  levels.   In  addition,  another  investigation   Front Neurol. 2024;15:1383757.
                            107
            indicated that rutin may mitigate tissue damage, reduce levels      doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1383757
            of IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, and caspase-1, and simultaneously   3.   Hu  X,  Xu  W,  Ren  Y,  et al.  Spinal  cord  injury:  Molecular
            enhance locomotor activity in patients with SCI. 108  mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct
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            5. Conclusion
                                                                  doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01477-6
            Taken together, the current evidence suggests that the use
            of CHM has the potential to emerge as a novel strategy   4.   Tian T, Zhang S, Yang M. Recent progress and challenges
            for SCI treatment, primarily by reducing inflammation   in  the  treatment  of  spinal  cord  injury.  Protein Cell.
            and promoting recovery following SCI. The NLRP3 plays   2023;14(9):635-652.
            a pivotal role in the inflammatory pathway of SCI and      doi: 10.1093/procel/pwad003
            contributes to secondary damage that results in the loss of   5.   Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Qian T. Inflammatory response
            sensory and motor functions. CHM, with its diverse array   to spinal cord injury and its treatment.  World Neurosurg.
            of bioactive components, shows significant promise in   2021;155:19-31.
            reducing NLRP3 expression and subsequently controlling      doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.148
            inflammation. Therefore, by targeting inflammation and
            modulating inflammatory factors, CHM offers new hope   6.   Jiang W, Li M, He F, Zhou S, Zhu L. Targeting the NLRP3
            for the treatment of SCI and the improvement of quality of   inflammasome to attenuate spinal cord injury in mice.
            life for SCI patients.                                J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:207.
                                                                  doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0980-9
            Acknowledgments
                                                               7.   Zhu Y, Zhu H, Wang Z, Gao F, Wang J, Zhang W. Wogonoside
            None.                                                 alleviates inflammation induced by traumatic spinal cord
                                                                  injury by suppressing NFκB and NLRP3 inflammasome
            Funding                                               activation. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(4):3304-3308.
            None.                                                 doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4904

            Conflict of interest                               8.   Schmid-Burgk JL, Chauhan D, Schmidt T, et al. A genome-
                                                                  wide CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short
            The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  palindromic repeats) screen identifies NEK7 as an essential
                                                                  component of  NLRP3  inflammasome activation.  J  Biol
            Author contributions                                  Chem. 2016;291(1):103-109.
            Conceptualization: Ghazaleh Moshkdanian               doi: 10.1074/jbc.C115.700492
            Writing – original draft: All authors              9.   Li Y, Li L, Yu M, Wang Y, Ge HY, Song C. Beneficial effects of
            Writing – review & editing: Parvaneh Behi Shahreza    the herbal medicine Di Huang Yin Zi in patients with spinal
                                                                  cord injury: A  randomized, placebo-controlled clinical
            Ethics approval and consent to participate            study. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(5):1715-1724.
            Not applicable.                                       doi: 10.1177/030006051204000510

            Consent for publication                            10.  Unterholzner L, Keating SE, Baran M,  et al. IFI16 is an
                                                                  innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nat Immunol.
            Not applicable.                                       2010;11(11):997-1004.


            Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025)                         6                               doi: 10.36922/gpd.4827
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