Page 91 - GPD-4-3

Gene & Protein in Disease Dopaminergic dysfunction as pre-addiction

personalized, preventative treatment strategies—ultimately Availability of data
reducing the risk of early mortality and promoting healthier
aging through precision medicine. Data is available from the author Alireza Sharafshah
(alirezasharafshah@yahoo.com) upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments References

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Margaret A. 1. Blum K, Elman I, Dennen CA, et al. “Preaddiction”
Madigan for her professional editing and formatting of the construct and reward deficiency syndrome: Genetic link via
figures and tables in this article. dopaminergic dysregulation. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10:1181.

Funding 2. United Nations Publication. World Drug Report. Sales
No. E. 21. XI. 8; 2021.
This study was funded by the grant (R41 MD012318/MD/ 3. Blum K, Thanos PK, Hanna C, et al. “To be or not to be”
NIMHD NIH HHS/United States; K.B. and M.G.L.). GWAS ends the controversy about the DRD2 gene as a
determinant of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). Psychol
Conflict of interest Res Behav Manag. 2023;16:4287-4291.
Dr. Kenneth Blum, the senior author, is credited with doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S428841
more than 100 worldwide patents on the GARS test and 4. McGrath JJ, Al-Hamzawi A, Alonso J, et al. Age of onset
KB220 and patents pending for gene editing. Dr. Blum and cumulative risk of mental disorders: A cross-national
has licensed one of his patents (10,894,024) to Victory analysis of population surveys from 29 countries. Lancet
Nutrition International (VNI). He is a paid scientific Psychiatry. 2023;10:668-681.
advisor to some companies, including Electronic doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00193-1
Waveform Labs (Huntington Beach, CA); PEAK LOGIC
(Del Mar, CA); Center for Advanced Spine Care of 5. Kenny PJ. Epigenetics, microRNA, and addiction. Dialogues
Southern Arizona (Tucson); and Sunder Foundation Clin Neurosci. 2014;16:335-344.
(Palm Springs, CA). Dr. Kenneth Blum is also the doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.3/pkenny
Associate Editor and Kai Uwe Lewandowski and Rajendra 6. Sillivan SE, Gillespie A. Circular RNA regulation and
D Badgaiyan are the Editorial Board Members of this function in drug seeking phenotypes. Mol Cell Neurosci.
journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial 2023;125:103841.
and peer-review process conducted for this paper, doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103841
directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared
that they have no known competing financial interests 7. Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, et al. Allelic association of
human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA.
or personal relationships that could have influenced the 1990;263:2055-2060.
work reported in this paper.
8. McLellan AT, Koob GF, Volkow ND. Preaddiction-a
Author contributions missing concept for treating substance use disorders. JAMA
Psychiatry. 2022;79:749-751.
Conceptualization: Kenneth Blum, Kai Uwe Lewandrowski, doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1652
Alireza Sharafshah
Formal analysis: Alireza Sharafshah, Kenneth Blum 9. Ekhtiari H, Zare-Bidoky M, Sangchooli A, et al.
Investigation: Kenneth Blum, Kai Uwe Lewandrowski, A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity
Alireza Sharafshah studies: Development and expert consensus. Nat Protoc.
Methodology: Alireza Sharafshah, Kenneth Blum 2022;17:567-595.
Writing–original draft: Alireza Sharafshah, Kenneth Blum, doi: 10.1038/s41596-021-00649-4
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Igor Elman, Mark S. Gold, 10. Blum K, Wood RC, Braverman E, Chen T, Sheridan P. The
Jean Lud Cadet D2 dopamine receptor gene as a predictor of compulsive
Writing–review & editing: All authors disease: Bayes’ theorem. Funct Neurol. 1995;10:37-44.
11. Blum K, Sheridan PJ, Wood RC, et al. The D2 dopamine
Ethics approval and consent to participate receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency
Not applicable. syndrome. J R Soc Med. 1996;89:396-400.
doi: 10.1177/014107689608900711
Consent for publication
12. Blum KG, Cull JR, Braverman ER, Comings DE. Reward
Not applicable. deficiency syndrome. Am Sci. 1996;84:132-145.

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 9 doi: 10.36922/gpd.8090