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Global Translational Medicine Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in HTLV1

enhanced in HTLV-1 infection, and the inflammatory state in Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 24: 264–266.
in HTL-V1 infection may contribute to the pathogenesis https://doi.org/10.22038/ijbms.2021.50803.11562
of HTLV-1-related diseases, such as ATL and HAM/TSP.
Therefore, immunomodulator agents such as Vitamin D3 2. Araya N, Sato T, Yagishita N, et al., 2011, Human
(VitD3) may be effective in the prevention and treatment T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T
cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease.
of HTLV-1 infection . Viruses, 3: 1532–1548.
[61]
Recently, it has been suggested that1,25- https://doi.org/10.3390/v3091532
dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-VitD3) may act as both an
immunoregulatory agent (improving Tregs functions) 3. Birmann BM, Breen EC, Stuver S, et al., 2009, Population
differences in immune marker profiles associated with
and an immunosuppressive agent (attenuatingTh17 human T-lymphotropic virus Type I infection in Japan and
cell functions), delineating the role of VitD3 as an Jamaica. Int J Cancer, 124: 614–621.
immunomodulator in HTLV-1 infection. This highlights
the importance of sufficient Vitamin D levels and also https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24012
taking VitD3 supplementation in HTLV-1 infection 4. Tarokhian H, Rahimi H, Mosavat A, et al., 2018 HTLV-
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(Table 1). With regard to its potential, clinical trials in 1-host interactions on the development of adult T cell
the field investigating the benefits of using VitD3 as a leukemia/lymphoma: Virus and host gene expressions. BMC
complementary therapy in patients with HTLV-1 infection Cancer, 18: 1287.
are recommended. According to the Table 1, the use https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-5209-5
of VitD3 as a complementary therapy in patients with 5. Carpentier A, Barez PY, Hamaidia M, et al., 2015, Modes
HTLV-1 infection is recommended. of human T cell leukemia virus Type 1 transmission,
replication and persistence. Viruses,7: 3603–3624.
Acknowledgments
https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072793
We would like to thank of research Vice chancellor of
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 6. Nagate Y, Ezoe S, Fujita J, et al., 2021, Ectonucleotidase CD39
is highly expressed on ATLL cells and is responsible for their
Funding immunosuppressive function. Leukemia, 35: 107–118.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-0788-y
None.
7. Higuchi Y, Yasunaga JI, Mitagami Y, et al., 2020, HTLV-1
Conflict of interest induces T cell malignancy and inflammation by viral
antisense factor-mediated modulation of the cytokine
No conflicts of interest. signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 117: 13740–13749.

Author contributions https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922884117
Conceptualization: Elham Abdollahi 8. Koyanagi Y, Itoyama Y, Nakamura N, et al., 1993, In vivo
Writing – original draft: Elnaz Sadat Hosseini, Elham infection of human T-cell leukemia virus Type I in non-T
Abdollahi, Nafiseh Saghafi cells. Virology, 196: 25–33.
Writing – review & editing: Elnaz Sadat Hosseini, Elham https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1993.1451
Abdollahi, Nafiseh Saghafi 9. Overbaugh J, Miller AD, Eiden MV, 2001, Receptors and
entry cofactors for retroviruses include single and multiple
Ethics approval and consent to participate transmembrane-spanning proteins as well as newly
Not applicable described glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored and secreted
proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 65: 371–389.
Consent for publication https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.65.3.371-389.2001
Not applicable. 10. Jones KS, Fugo K, Petrow-Sadowski C, et al., 2006, Human
T-cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2
Availability of data use different receptor complexes to enter T cells. J Virol,
Not applicable. 80: 8291–8302.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00389-06
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11. Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, et al., 2003, The ubiquitous
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