Page 44 - GTM-2-1

Global Translational Medicine

REVIEW ARTICLE
Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses

in human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 infection

Elnaz Sadat Hosseini , Elham Abdollahi *, and Nafiseh Saghafi 1
1,2
1
1 Supporting the Family and the Youth of Population Research Core, Department of Gynecology and
Obstrict, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is a viral infectious agent that may cause
chronic infection of T lymphocytes. HTLV-1 infection is related to multiple human
diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia, which is a neoplastic growth of HTLV-1-
infected T cells, and neoplastic inflammatory conditions such as HTLV-1-associated
myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), Sjögren’s syndrome, polymyositis
uveitis, and bronchoalveolitis. T regulatory cells (Tregs), also known as regulatory T
cells, and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, a distinct subset of cluster differentiation T cells
with interleukin-17 as their major cytokine, orchestrate the pathogenesis of anti-
inflammatory and inflammatory responses in HTLV-1-mediated diseases. In this
review, we aim to evaluate the immune responses of Tregs as anti-inflammatory cells
and Th17 cells as inflammatory cells in HTLV-1 infection.

Keywords: Inflammatory responses; Anti-inflammatory responses; Human
*Corresponding author: T-lymphotropic virus type 1; HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Elham Abdollahi
(ea6112@gmail.com)
Citation: Hosseini E.S, Abdollahi E,
Nafiseh Saghafi, 2023, Inflammatory 1. Introduction
and anti-inflammatory responses in
human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 Human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is anoncogenic virus that may cause
infection. Global Transl Med, 2(1):
67. chronic infection of human T cells. It is endemic in several countries, such as Southern
https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v2i1.67 Japan, the Caribbean region, areas in South America and tropical Africa, and some
Received: April 14, 2022 foci in the Middle East, Australia, and Melanesia [1-3] . The majority of patients who are
Accepted: December 1, 2022 infected with HTLV-1 are without certain symptoms, including fever, cough, shortness of
Published Online: January 19, 2023 breath, nausea, and diarrhea [4,5] . HTLV-1 infection is associated with several disorders, of
Copyright: © 2023 Author(s). which the main conditions are adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), which is a neoplastic growth
This is an Open Access article of HTLV-1-infected T cells, and neoplastic inflammatory conditions, such as HTLV-
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis(HAM/TSP), Sjögren’s syndrome,
License, permitting distribution, polymyositis uveitis, and bronchoalveolitis [2,5,6] . Inflammation may have a major role in
and reproduction in any medium, the pathogenesis of HTLV-1, as shown in Figure 1.
provided the original work is
properly cited. Neuropilin-1, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and heparin sulfate proteoglycans
Publisher’s Note: AccScience (HSPGs) are all HTLV-1 receptors [7,8] . Since both GLUT1 and neuropilin-1 are found on
Publishing remains neutral with various cell surfaces, it is possible that HTLV-1 infects various hematopoietic cells and
regard to jurisdictional claims in [7,8]
published maps and institutional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs),such as T cells . These receptors facilitate the binding
affiliations. of HTLV-1 with hematopoietic cells. The entry of retroviruses into target cells involves

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2023) 1 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v2i1.67