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Global Translational Medicine Keto diet in management of Type 2 diabetes

Table 6. Beneficial effects of low carbohydrate ketone diet in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Design methods and aims Results References
Study design: Retrospective. KD was administered for 6 – 19 months. The primary goal is to maintain [84]
Aim: to learn more about the experiences of patients with blood sugar control, lower it, lose weight, and reverse diabetes. Respondents
diabetes (T1DM or T2DM) who have already followed or also reported benefits such as enhanced glycemic control, weight loss, and
are implementing the KD. satisfaction.
Study design: Prospective. The great majority of people reported experiencing less hunger and urges. [85]
Aim: to explain features of the “LCHF” food habit and HbA1c (P<0.001), diabetic medicines (P<0.001), and weight (P<0.001) all
how affordable it is for particular Type 2 diabetic patients. seem to be socially challenging to track on LCHF diets.
Reliability of LCKD providing <30 g of carbohydrates Substantial weight loss, HbA1c reductions, and blood pressure lowering, [67]
each day for 90 days in obese diabetic women. along with beneficial changes in blood lipids. Diabetes was completely
reversed by LCKD.
Obese people with diabetes compared the advantages of a HbA1c and body weight of participants who have observed a [62]
20% carbohydrate vs. 55 – 60% carbohydrate diet on body low-carbohydrate diet are improved. These sufferers have just a few more
weight, glycemic regulation, and cardiovascular effects. cardiovascular complications, but again, the controls are effective.
Obese and Type 2 diabetic individuals on LCKD with In comparison to the LGID group, the LCKD survey showed significant [61]
no calorie restriction were comparable to LGID, a changes in hemoglobin, HbA1c, body weight, and HDL cholesterol.
low-calorie diet for 24 h. Inside this LCKD group, 95.2% of patients seemed to have their diabetes
medication minimized, compared with 62% in the LGID group.
The study was just to learn more about the impacts of In comparison to the MCCRD group, participants in the LCKD group [86]
MCCRD and LCKD on obese Type 2 diabetic people. reported increased reductions in HbA1c levels and body weight.
After 6 months, obese subjects with only 39% incidence LCD is over three times more efficient for losing weight. Starving blood [87]
rates were compared with LCD and LFD. glucose levels in LCD and LFD were lowered by 26 and 5%, respectively.
LCDs have a significant impact on lipid profiles.
Enhanced KD on a very low-calorie ketogenic diet There may be a significant negative relationship between circulatory ketone [63]
has quite a consequence on glucose concentrations in bodies and hepatic glucose output, demonstrating that larger ketones help
diabetic subjects. people with diabetes maintain good glycemic control.
Abbreviations: KD: Ketone diet; LCD: Low-carbohydrate diet; LCHF: Low-carbohydrate high-fat; LCKD: Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet;
LFD: Low-fat diet; LGID: Low-glycemic index diet; MCCRD: Moderate-carbohydrate, calorie-restricted diet; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus;
T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

diets is attributed not only to the quantities and sources glucose intolerance, and higher serum expression of IL-6
of energy provided but also to the reduced fluid retention and tumor necrosis factor, which are released by excessive
associated with a low-carbohydrate diet. It is hypothesized fat cells in individuals with diabetes .
[79]
that adhering to such diets could facilitate weight loss in
individuals with T2DM, especially during the initial stages. 7.3. Beneficial effect of ketogenic diet in Type 2
KD has demonstrated the ability to mitigate tumorigenesis diabetic patients
in animal studies, attributed to the generation of adequate Different low carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been
energy from excess sugar, which is crucial for tumor reported to be beneficial in type 2 diabetes mellitus (Table 6).
progression .
[78]
7.4. Risks associated with KD in type 2 diabetic
Elevated levels of estrogen (stemming from the patients
heightened conversion of sex hormones by aromatase in
adipocytes) could potentially be significant in hormone- Despite the benefits observed with various low-
dependent cancers (such as breast and ovarian cancers), carbohydrate diets in managing T2DM, due consideration
even without variations in the dose of gestagens. This should be given to the recognized risks associated with both
significance is particularly relevant in the context of short- and long-term practice of these diets. A potential
defining overweight in women, where excess weight side effect of low-carbohydrate diets is vitamin deficiency,
contributes to an increase in estrogen production with Vitamin C deficiency being particularly likely. T2DM
(depending on the degree of androgen transformation by is inherently associated with oxidative stress, and a notable
aromatase in fatty tissue). Estrogens induce an increase in drawback is the unavailability of polyphenols, such as
free radical production, a factor among the mediators of flavonoids, which have been demonstrated to improve
[88]
mutagenesis. Consequently, accelerated cancerogenesis glucose production . Addressing vitamin deficiencies
appears to be associated with reactive hypoglycemia, is typically recommended, primarily given that a low-

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2023) 10 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.1361