Page 59 - GTM-2-4

Global Translational Medicine Epigenetics on cardiovascular diseases

through the use of precision genetic or medical techniques on lncRNAs, including sequences, transcriptome data, and
is anticipated in the near future. Delivery of therapeutic interactions with connected proteins or genes. It is important
molecules in now inaccessible target tissues, such as the to integrate data from various origins for the numerous
cardiac infarct site, will soon be plausible. The main barrier lncRNAs to specify functions and regulatory mechanisms.
restraining the clinical implementation of miRNA-based A large number of lncRNAs have been identified as
therapeutics is the focused, selected delivery to the infarct significant regulators of cardiac development and aging,
site [110,111] . yet their pluripotent function in cardiac development
Hong et al. [112] proposed, for better miRNA delivery, an and disease, along with their diagnostic, prognostic, and
anti-coagulative nanocomplex to carry and deliver a miR-1 therapeutic utility, remains to be determined [120] . Rezaee
inhibitor capable of reducing microthrombus formation and et al. [121] outline the potential of various lncRNAs to serve
microvascular obstruction and inhibiting blood-coagulation as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in
factor Xa [112] . Bejerano et al. [113] introduced a nanoparticle- HF. In HF, various molecular mechanisms are markedly
based delivery of a miR-21 mimic to cardiac macrophages at deregulated by divergent lncRNAs. LncRNAs can influence
the infarct site in a mouse ligation model as a new therapeutic distinct signaling pathways by targeting molecules or
strategy. Feng and Tsao [114] expressed their apprehension cellular mechanisms, and changes in their expression are
about the potential dangers of the systemic effects of its observed in diverse types of CVDs and HF, supporting the
miRNA mimics and suggested that any miRNA-based notion that they play an important in the occurrence and
substances are better used locally rather than systemically. progression of heart diseases [121] .
Bielska et al. [115] attempted to uncover circulating miRNAs as New biomarkers are crucial for improving early
potential biomarkers for the early identification of CAD risk detection and predicting the progression of AMI.
in DM patients and discovered six miRNAs (miR-615-3p, Wang et al. [122] evaluated the potential of the lncRNA
miR-3147, miR-1224-5p, miR-5196-3p, miR-6732-3p, and GAS6-AS1 in distinguishing AMI patients and predicting
miR-548b-3p) that were overexpressed in the serum of outcomes. The discriminative ability of GAS6-AS1 in
type 2 DM patients with CAD. identifying AMI patients was evaluated using Kaplan–

A substantial number of descriptive publications Meier and Cox analysis and its association with critical
on miRNAs await, pending critical evaluation for the patient characteristics was assessed through Spearman’s
identification and validation of the discovered miRNAs. correlation analysis. The study concluded that decreased
While thousands of papers are published annually linking GAS6-AS1 expression could effectively distinguish AMI
miRNAs to different genes and human diseases, only a patients from healthy controls [122] .
limited number delve into the molecular mechanisms of VSMCs constitute a significant cell type within
miRNAs. There is a pressing need for a greater emphasis
on understanding the mechanisms underlying miRNAs, atherosclerotic plaques, and their phenotypic transition
and researchers seeking associations of specific miRNAs gives rise to diverse cell categories within the plaques. In
with biological phenotypes should shoulder a heightened CVDs, the rapid proliferation and migration of VSMCs
responsibility [116] . in the arterial wall contribute to the abnormal structure
and function of the arterial intima-middle layer. Shi
3.3.2. Long non-coding ribonucleic acids et al. [123] identified 4579 known and 13,655 de novo
lncRNAs in human coronary artery VSMCs, highlighting
LncRNAs regulate gene expression by altering chromatin the crucial role of lncRNAs in the phenotypic transition
structure and DNA accessibility; moreover, they enhance of smooth muscle cells and human atherosclerotic disease.
selectivity and control numerous cellular processes such as
DNA methylation and histone modification [117,118] . LncRNAs act as upstream regulators of cellular processes
associated with atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension,
Belonging to a category of RNAs produced by RNA and aneurysms – three lethal CVDs [124] . In general,
polymerase II, lncRNAs play a key role in cell processes, miRNAs and lncRNAs play essential roles in maintaining
including transcription and regulation of gene expression. physiological homeostasis by regulating the expression
LncRNAs exhibit essential regulatory functions, interacting of various genes. They also attract scientific interest as
with proteins, other RNAs, and DNA. They also play a role potential biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets
in regulating biological processes related to vascular tissue in DM and CVDs [125,126] .
homeostasis, atherosclerotic lesion formation, and plaque
destabilization [119] . 3.3.3. Circular non-coding ribonucleic acids
Thousands of lncRNAs need to be functionally CircRNAs exert their regulatory functions through specific
categorized, considering the abundance of genomic data mechanisms: (i) acting as miRNA sponges, modulating

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2023) 10 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.1868