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Global Translational Medicine Traumatic memories in PTSD

Figure 1. MLR supplies natural glycerophospholipids to replace the oxidized phospholipids, cholesterol, and ceramide. Under normal circumstances, lipids from
the membrane bilayer activate Akt, inhibiting GSK-3β by phosphorylation at serine 9. Without lipidomic input, GSK-3β suppresses p53, disrupting genomic
repair. Kaempferol prevents GSK-3β activation, whereas berberine inhibits ceramide, preventing serine 9 phosphorylation. Image created by the authors
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Abbreviations: MLR: Membrane lipid replacement; SCZ: Schizophrenia; SLD : Schizophrenia-like disorders.
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related to altering the cell cycle dynamics, autophagy, also regulate life and health span. Studies of people in the
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and cellular senescence. In fact, berberine ameliorates Blue Zones, areas with the highest number of centenarians,
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cellular senescence by inhibiting cyclins and p16. It have identified socialization and interconnectedness as the
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also inhibits oxidized ceramide and, indirectly, GSK-3β primary keys to longevity. As mitochondria power the
through serine 9. Moreover, berberine alleviates anxiety, social brain, they probably increase the lifespan. 124
suggesting its beneficial effects in patients with PTSD. Mitochondria are now known to leave the cell and
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In ECs, berberine inhibits proliferation, suggesting its function in the extracellular compartment, playing
antimetastatic effects. 112 a role in regulating metabolism and immunity. Cell-
More studies are required on the potential use of these free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is a marker of
natural compounds as antipsychotic drugs because current inflammatory disease whose levels increase due to
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clinical data are sporadic. psychological stress and social isolation. Cf-mtDNA is a
measure of psychological stress that can be used as a PTSD
6. Mitochondrial transfer and biomarker. For instance, loneliness and socialization
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transplantation deficits are associated with increased cf-mtDNA-toll-
like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling. Reducing cf-mtDNA
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that were signaling with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) attenuates
previously bacteria, became “domesticated,” and currently stress associated with impaired social behavior.
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function in symbiosis with human cells. Mitochondria Furthermore, isolation-upregulated cf-mtDNA acts as a
generate energy in the form of ATP and play a significant damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), activating
role in preventing neuropathology, including depression, inflammation. Inflammation without pathogens, known
marked by several symptoms, including low power. as “sterile,” is implicated in psychological stress. 128,129
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Nevertheless, their role does not end here; these organelles Therefore, measuring cf-mtDNA levels may explain why

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 7 doi: 10.36922/gtm.3974