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Global Translational Medicine Traumatic memories in PTSD

transfer from astrocytes to neurons, suggesting a non- Consent for publication
synaptic antidepressant mechanism.
Not applicable.
6.3. Mitochondrial transfer or transplantation for
premature cellular senescence Availability of data
Novel studies have reported that the addition of Not applicable.
healthy mitochondria to the system can reverse cellular Further disclosure
senescence markers, including β-galactosidase, p21,
and p16. Interestingly, the “bad” BDNF was shown to Zisis Kozlakidis is identified as a personnel of the
139
halt mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes to neurons, International Agency for Research on Cancer/WHO and is
whereas SSRIs facilitated this process. 137,140 responsible for the views expressed in this article, which do
not necessarily represent the decisions, policies, or views of
7. Conclusion the International Agency for Research on Cancer/WHO.
Similar to other neuropsychiatric conditions, PTSD is
associated with premature senescence in ECs, including References
CECs. The levels of BDNF, a component of the detrimental 1. van der Hart O, Piedfort-Marin O. Amnesia and
senescent secretome, increase in patients with PTSD and hypermnesia as a paradigm of non-realization in trauma-
may represent a biomarker. In addition to the “bad” BDNF related dissociation: Pierre Janet’s case of Irène. Eur J Trauma
in SASP, the “good” BDNF promotes brain plasticity, Dissoc. 2023;7(4):100357.
learning, and LTP. doi: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100357
Although there is extensive research on protein 2. Notaras M, van den Buuse M. Neurobiology of BDNF in fear
alterations in various pathologies, cell membrane lipids memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders.
remain less scrutinized. The COVID-19 pandemic, with Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(10):2251-2274.
its hijacking of furin and subsequent LPL dysfunction, has doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0639-2
completely changed this perspective.
3. Guo S, Kim WJ, Lok J, et al. Neuroprotection via matrix-
We hypothesize that extracerebral BDNF, released as part trophic coupling between cerebral endothelial cells and
of the SASP by ECs, exerts detrimental effects such as LTD, neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(21):7582-7587.
impaired plasticity, and cognitive impairment by interfering doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801105105
with mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes to neurons.
4. El Hayek L, Khalifeh M, Zibara V, et al. Lactate mediates
The pandemic has also shed light on cellular proliferation the effects of exercise on learning and memory through
and cancer, reviving interest in inducing malignant cells to SIRT1-dependent activation of hippocampal brain-
activate the senescence program to inhibit cell growth. derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). J Neurosci.
2019;39(13):2369-2382.
Acknowledgments
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1661-18.2019
None.
5. Green CR, Corsi-Travali S, Neumeister A. The role of BDNF-
Funding TrkB signaling in the pathogenesis of PTSD. J Depress
Anxiety. 2013;2013(S4):006.
None.
doi: 10.4172/2167-1044.S4-006
Conflict of interest 6. Teng KK, Hempstead BL. Neurotrophins and their receptors:
Signaling trios in complex biological systems. Cell Mol Life
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Sci. 2004;61:35-48.
Author contributions doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-3099-3

Conceptualization: Adonis Sfera 7. Hughes KC, Shin LM. Functional neuroimaging studies
Visualization: All authors of post-traumatic stress disorder. Expert Rev Neurother.
Writing – original draft: Jacob J. Anton, Jasper H.C. Luong 2011;11(2):275-285.
Writing – review & editing: Adonis Sfera, Zisis Kozlakidis doi: 10.1586/ern.10.198

Ethics approval and consent to participate 8. Wang J, Cui Y, Yu Z, et al. Brain endothelial cells maintain
lactate homeostasis and control adult hippocampal
Not applicable. neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell. 2019;25(6):754-767.e9.

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 9 doi: 10.36922/gtm.3974