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Jia An, Chee Kai Chua and Vladimir Mironov

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over time in a predefined path. In this sense, the com- nology: A current state-of-the-art review. Journal of
bination of 3D bioprinting and bioreactor could be a Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol.136(6):
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sues/organ can be pre-defined. The future forms of http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4028512
4D bioprinting would be really unpredictable. How- 4. Khoo Z X, Teoh E M J, Liu Y, et al. 2015, 3D printing
ever, the differences between 3D bioprinting and of smart materials: A review on recent progresses in 4D
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4D bioprinting may be just the tip of an iceberg; in http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2015.1097054
addition to shape, size and pattern, there could be 5. Wang S, Lee J M and Yeong W Y, 2015, Smart hydro-
more other forms of changes in future, such as micro- gels for 3D bioprinting. International Journal of Bio-
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4D bioprinting is on its way. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/IJB.2015.01.005
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Conflict of Interest and Funding Bioprinting Congress, July 24–25, 2014: 4D Bioprinting:
No conflict of interest was reported by the authors. The Biofabrication of rod-like and tubular tissue engineered
authors thank the Singapore National Research Foun- constructs using programmable self-folding bioprinted
dation for funding Singapore Centre for 3D Printing. biomaterials.
7. Morrison R J, Hollister S J, Niedner M F, et al. 2015,
Acknowledgements Mitigation of tracheobronchomalacia with 3D-printed
personalized medical devices in pediatric patients.
The authors thank Dr. Fabien Guillemot for his dis- Science Translational Medicine, vol.7(285): 285ra64.
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cussion at the 2 International Bioprinting Congress http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3010825
in Singapore (9–10 July 2015). 8. Guillemot F, 2015, Proceedings of the 2 International
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