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3D Printing of hydrogel composite systems: Recent advances in technology for tissue engineering

Table 1. (continued).
Reinforcement type 3D printing methods Matrix materials Reinforcement Properties Potential application Ref.
materials
Bioglass Improved cell
Particle 3D plotting Alginate, Gelatin proliferation and Bone [83]
(55 nm) mineralization
Graphene oxide Improved elastic
Methacrylated modulus, tensile [84]
3D plotting chitosan strength and Biomedical device
(430–460 nm) conductivity
Hydroxyapatite Improved mechanical
3D plotting Alginate, Gelatin properties and Bone [85]
(183 nm) biological properties
Gold nanoparticle Decreased gelation
Thiol-modified [86]
3D plotting hyaluronic acid time, and improved Vessel
(24 nm) mechanical properties
Biphasic calcium
phosphate Improved biological
3D plotting Alginate properties Bone [87]
(106–212 μm)
Carbone nanotube
Natural
Inkjet printer polysaccharides gums Improved radiopacity Biomedical device [88]
and conductivity
(10 nm)
PLA 3D structure
Casting + FDM GelMA Improved mechanical Bone [89]
properties
(200 μm)
Hydroxyapatite
SLA PEGDA Improved biological Bone [90]
properties
(50–100 nm)
Hydroxyapatite Improved mechanical
SLA PEGDA properties and Cartilage [91]
(80–100 nm) biological properties
Anisotropic swelling
Fiber 3D plotting Acrylamide Cellulose short fibril behaviors 4D printing [92]
3D plotting Alginate PLA continuous Improved mechanical Cartilage [93]
properties and
nanofiber
biological properties
PU continuous Improved mechanical
Casting + 3D plotting PEGDGE, Acrylamide General [94]
microfiber properties
Emax
3D plotting Alginate, Acrylamide Improved mechanical Cartilage [95]
(UV-curable epoxy) properties
Improved self-
Anisotropic filler DIW PEGDA, alginate, Laponite RD, Laponite supporting capacity General [96]
gelatin XLG and young’s modulus
Improved tensile and
3D plotting N-acryloyl Laponite XLG compression properties Bone [97]
glycinamide and biological
properties
Alginate- Improved shape
3D plotting methylcellulose Laponite fidelity and sustained Bone [98]
drug delivery

3.1 Polymer or Other Hydrogel Reinforced soft tissue engineering owing to their biodegradability
Hydrogel Composites 3D Printing and low toxicity. However, alginate limits cellular

Hydrogels for 3D printing can be divided into protein- adhesion due to the lack of adhesion sites for cells.
based natural hydrogels such as gelatin, collagen, silk Markstedt et al. investigated 3D printing materials for
or polysaccharide-based natural hydrogels such as cartilage tissue engineering applications by combining
[73]
chitosan, agarose, hyaluronic acid (HAc), alginate, alginate and nanofibrillated cellulose . Their rapid
cellulose, or synthetic hydrogels such as poly(ethylene cross-linking ability and the shear thinning properties
glycol) (PEG), polyurethane, polyacrylamide. Alginate, make the scaffolds fabricated by 3D plotting method
a common hydrogel crosslinked by ionic interactions stable. Human nasoseptal chondrocytes encapsulated in
or phase transition, has been widely used in the field of nanofibrillated cellulose/alginate hydrogels exhibited

10 International Journal of Bioprinting (2018)–Volume 4, Issue 1