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such an approach not only solves the contradiction and accelerated tissue maturation during post-
but also opens new avenues for chemists and processing. Hence, biomaterials are forever!
material scientists to contribute to the development The development of magnetic levitational
of formative biofabrication technology. The new bioassembly is associated with another big
types of synthetic and natural hydrogels could be challenge – toxicity of gadolinium salt. One
used before bioassembly for sizing, shaping, and of the potential ways to solve this problem
guided differentiation of organoids as potential is to develop novel bioassembler based on
new building blocks for scaffold-free formative superconductive magnets. High magnetic fields
biofabrication. Moreover, biomaterials and the generated by superconductive magnets reduce the
special, thin fusogenic coating could be used concentration of gadolinium salts. To decrease
for remote-controlled enhancements of tissue power consumption, the superconductive magnets
fusion process after initial bioassembly of 3D could be cooled by liquid nitrogen, which is a more
tissue and organ constructs. Finally, biomaterials affordable alternative compared to the expensive
could be used for directed tissue differentiation water perfusion-based cooling system.
The second potential strategy which could
A B be employed for reducing concentration of
gadolinium salts is the development of hybrid
levitational bioassembly technology which is a
combination of different physical forces and field.
The hybrid magneto-acoustic bioassembler with
built-in perfusion bioreactor allows switching from
Figure 5. Space experiments. (A) “Organ. initial magnetic levitation to acoustic supporting
Aut” bioassembler at The Russian Orbital levitation and complete removal of paramagnetic
Segment, operated by Russian cosmonaut Alexey gadolinium salts through the nutrient flow.
Ovchinin; (B) 3D tissue construct assembled with The third perspective approach is the
magnetic levitational from chondrospheres under development of laser magneto-acoustic
microgravity in space on the International Space bioassembler. We already demonstrated that
Station. laser could rotate, elongate, and split 3D tissue
Figure 6. Potential applications of magnetic levitational bioassembler.
International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3 117
