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Magnetic levitational bioassembler
constructs. A laser could also be useful for the rapid photonic technology, will help develop a more
fusion of tissue spheroids coated by a thin layer functional magnetic bioassembler.
of photo-sensitive hydrogel after their magnetic It is becoming evident that the development
levitation bioassembly in 3D tissue construct. The of affordable commercial bioassembler capable
laser can be used for shaping more complex 3D of rapid magnetic levitational bioassembly of
tissue construct either by optogenetic apoptosis clinically relevant tissue-engineered constructs in
or laser-induced hyperthermia. A combination of a non-toxic environment will become one of the
magneto-acoustic levitational bioassembler with a main challenges.
laser could potentially improve the functionalities As presented in this paper, original magnetic
of bioassembler and enhances its capacities levitational bioassembler is the first commercial
to form 3D tissue and organ constructs with instrumentation specially designed for advancing
complex geometry and structure. Incorporation scaffold-free tissue engineering and its clinical
of additional imaging facilities such as micro- translation. While many researchers refer to their
computed tomography inside the bioassembler bioprinters as magnetic 3D bioprinters, we firmly
is also desirable, although it will significantly believe that these instruments should be known
increase the cost of the instrument. Hence, there is as the “magnetic bioassembler for formative
also an unmet need for affordable bioassemblers. biofabrication.”

10 Conclusion Acknowledgments

The conceptual framework of scaffold-free, This work was supported by RFBR according
label-free, and nozzle-free magnetic levitational to the research project № 18-29-11076. The
bioassembly has been described. Label-free authors are grateful to the Russian Space Agency
magnetic levitational bioassembly is probably the (“ROSCOSMOS”) which grants us the permission
most relevant example of the rapidly emerging, to use some of illustrations taken at The Russian
scaffold-free tissue engineering technology. Orbital Segment.
The principal difference between label-free
magnetic levitational bioassembly and the more Conflicts of interest
traditional scaffold-based and label-based (using
nanoparticles) magnetic tissue engineering are The authors declare no conflict of interest.
discussed. New terminology, including formative References
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118 International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3