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Elemoso, et al.
Table 1. In vitro organ models for drug testing manufactured through bioprinting.

Organ/Tissue Bioprinting Bioink Cell types Drugs tested References
model modality
Liver Sacrificial GelMA -HepG2/C3A cells, -Acetaminophen, [47,48]
bioprinting HUVECs Trovafloxacin,
DBB Alginate -HepG2 and human -Levofloxacin [49,50]
epithelial cells -Amifostine
Vascular Indirect Gelatin/Pluronic MSCs Rho-kinase inhibitors [51-53]
network bioprinting
Alveolar Valve-based Matrigel™ Type-II alveolar epithelial [54]
model printing cells and endothelial cells
Cornea EBB Collagen/ alginate keratinocytes - [55]
Intestine EBB Scaffold-free Epithelial cells of human Indomethacin [56]
intestinal origin and
myofibroblasts
Kidney EBB Gelatin/fibrin as Proximal tubule epithelial Cyclosporine A, cisplatin, [57]
ECM and Pluronic cells resazurin
as sacrificial ink
Muscle EBB Alginate/Pluronic C2C12 cells Cardiotoxin [58,59]
Heart EBB Fibrin Rat heart origin primary Epinephrine and [60]
cardiomyocytes carbachol
Glioma EBB Alginate/gelatin/ Breast cancer cells Temozolomide [61]
fibrinogen
DBB Matrigel OVCAR-5 cells and MRC- Prolactin, estrodine [62]
5 fibroblasts
3D neoplastic EBB Alginate/gelatin/ HeLa cells Paclitaxel [63]
tissues fibrinogen
Skin LBB Collagen/ HaCaT keratinocytes/ All-trans retinoic [64,65]
Matrigel™ NIH3T3 fibroblasts acid, dexamethasone,
doxorubicin, S’-
fluorouracil, and forskolin

The legal aspect of 3D bioprinting is becoming the challenges of all possible applications
increasingly important with the growing usage (organ transplantation, medical devices, and cell
of this technology. There are concerns that while therapy) [67,68] . Separate regulation does not account
bioprinting is regulated by existing laws that for the combined use of the technologies and
govern medicine and medical research, this current applications listed above. There is also a question
framework does not allow us to mitigate risks of multiple actors involved in the production chain.
to patients, as well as address the requirements There is also the issue of informed consent,
of health-care providers and manufacturers. At which is not clearly regulated when it comes to
the very least, that is the situation in the US and novel medical technologies. Ideally, a consent
EU . There is no specific regulatory framework form should inform about all potential risks
[66]
or even strategy toward 3D bioprinting developed and adverse effects as well as list a detailed
in countries that lead the way in biofabrication composition of a bioprinted product and fully
research and industry applications. This is further describe the implantation process. Donors should
complicated by the fact that 3D bioprinting is a truly be better informed of how their cells, tissues, or
unique technology in the sense that it combines organs can be utilized now or in the future and this
3D printing techniques, materials science and cell information should be made available with strict
biology, and meaning this technology combines access guidelines through specialized databases.

International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3 69