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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting techniques & hydrogels materials

Table 3. Application of various hydrogel formulations in 3D bioprinting for osteochondral repair.
Hydrogel composition Crosslinking method Effects Model Ref.
Physical (ionic Promote the survival and proliferation of
Alginate In vitro: MG63 osteoblasts 123
interaction) osteoblasts
Promote the survival and proliferation of In vitro: Chondrocytes
Hydroxyapatite (HAP); Physical chondrocytes; stimulate chondrocytes to In vivo: Mouse subcutaneous 158
alginate
secrete calcified matrix implantation
Nanohydroxyapatite Promote osteochondral regeneration; In vitro: Bone marrow-derived
(nHAP); Physical promote the formation of cartilage-like mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) 134
methacrylated gelatin extracellular matrix (ECM) and type II In vivo: Rabbit osteochondral defect
(GelMA) collagen
Promote both chondrogenic and
HAP; hyaluronic acid Physical hypertrophic differentiation of adipose In vitro: ADMSCs 159
In vivo: Mouse subcutaneous
(HA) mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs); implantation
promote osteogenic differentiation
β-tricalcium phosphate Physical and chemical Promote the differentiation of BMSCs;
(TCP); GelMA; (Ultraviolet [UV] promote the calcification of osteochondral In vitro: BMSCs 160
alginate radiation) region
Alginate; gellan gum; Promote osteogenic and chondrogenic
thixotropic magnesium Physical (CaCl ) differentiation of BMSCs; upregulation of In vitro: MG63 osteoblasts 162
phosphate-based gel 2 osteogenic genes In vivo: Rabbit knee defects
(TMP-BG)
Promote simultaneous regeneration
Poly(N-acryloyl Chemical (UV of bone and cartilage; upregulated In vitro: BMSCs
2-glycine) (PACG); radiation) expression of bone-forming and cartilage- In vivo: Rat OCDs 163
GelMA; Mn 2+
related genes in BMSCs
Promote proliferation, chondrogenic
N-acryloyl glycinamide differentiation, and osteogenic
(NAGA); Laponite; Chemical differentiation of BMSCs; oxidation In vitro: BMSCs 164
Tannic; GelMA
resistance
Polylactic acid (PLA); Physical (CaCl ) Increased chondrogenesis marker gene In vitro: Chondrocytes 165
alginate; HA 2 expression and specific matrix deposition
Four-armed Directly obtain autogenous mesenchymal
polyethylene glycol- Chemical stem cells (MSCs) from the surrounding In vitro: Resin femoral condyle 167
acrylate (PEG-ACLT); microenvironment; promote In vivo: Rabbit knee OCDs
HAP; GelMA osteochondral regeneration
Promote chondrocyte proliferation
Polycaprolactone Physical (CaCl ) and differentiation; promote calcium In vitro: Chondrocytes 170
(PCL); HAP; alginate 2
deposition
PCL; MgO; Stimulate proliferation, chondrogenic In vitro: BMSCs
polydopamine (PDA); Chemical differentiation, and osteogenic In vivo: Rat OCDs 174
ECM differentiation of BMSCs
Polyethylene glycol Inhibit macrophage release of In vitro: Macrophage
diacrylate (PEGDA); Chemical inflammatory factors; promote In vivo: Rat OCDs 176
honokiol; ECM osteochondral regeneration

promotes cell signal transmission and maintains stem cell the physiological and biochemical properties of natural
function. 186-188 Zhang et al. constructed a porous composite osteochondral tissue, they have the potential for clinical
particle hydrogel loaded with ADMSC spheres, which applications. For example, natural tissues have an unevenly
demonstrated high levels of viability and efficient cartilage/ distributed porous structure, making it promising to
bone differentiation after 3D printing (Figure 3i). prepare scaffolds with gradient porosity that closely mimics
189
At present, 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds loaded the porosity of each layer of bone cartilage. Research has
with MSCs have displayed excellent osteochondral repair demonstrated that scaffolds with 90–120 µm apertures
effects. Although they are unlikely to completely mimic facilitate the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs,

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 78 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4472