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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting techniques & hydrogels materials

bioprinting include shape-memory alloys (SMA), shape-
turbinate-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; hMSCs: Human mesenchymal stem cells; nHA: XXX; PCL: Polycaprolactone; KGN: Kartogenin; TCP: Tricalcium phosphate;
DC: Diclofenac sodium; HEMA: XXX; ECM: Extracellular matrix; NIPAM: N-isopropylacrylamide; SBMA: sulfobetaine methacrylate; ASCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PEGDA:
201 203 130 memory ceramics (SMC), shape-memory polymers
progenitor cells; UV: Ultraviolet; HA-DA: dopamine‐conjugated HA; dECM: Decellularized extracellular matrix; PNAGA: polymer (N-acryloyl glycinamide); PCEC: triblock polymer of poly(ε-
Abbreviations: GelMA: Methacrylated gelatin; PRP: Platelet-rich plasma; N/A: Not mentioned; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HA: Hyaluronic acid; hTMSCs: Human
(SMPs), and shape-memory hydrogels (SMH). This
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Polyethylene glycol diacrylate; XLG: laponite XLG nanoclay; PLA: Polylactic acid; PLGA: Polylactic-co-glycolic acid; FPSCs: Fat pad-derived stem/stromal cells; ACPCs: Articular cartilage
research area holds promise as a potential focal point for
future studies.
In vitro: Human BMSCs In vivo: Rat OCDs In vitro: MSCs In vivo: Rabbit OCDs In vitro: BMSCs In vivo: Rabbit OCDs biological materials options, selecting appropriate seed
Equally vital are aspects such as expanding
cells, and adapting bioactive substances. Hydrogels
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have excellent elastic and hydration properties that
mimic the crosslinked network structure of the ECM,
enabling cells to survive and maintain their function.
Therefore, hydrogels are the most commonly used
High-strength biohybrid gradient hydrogel; promote osteochondral regeneration Tri-layered biohybrid scaffold with zone-specific GF delivery; promote osteochondral regeneration; the superficial cartilage layer increases surface lubricity In situ printing; sustained, slow release of SDF-1α; specific recruitment of BMSCs with different substances, such as TCP and synthetic
biomaterials in 3D printing. At present, there have been
steady changes and improvements in improving the
mechanical properties of hydrogels by crosslinking them
polymers. However, the composition and structure of the
material optimization have not been fully investigated
and clarified. Particularly, developing a scaffold that
enables cell infiltration while providing mechanical
stability in the early stages of healing poses an extremely
and friction resistance
challenging task. The alignment of the tide line between
bone and cartilage remains unresolved when fabricating
osteochondral implants. Future efforts should focus on
further optimizing 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds.
In addition to scaffold materials, the cell source is
also a crucial factor affecting the treatment efficacy of
OCD with tissue engineering. Currently, most researchers
Chemical (UV-radiation) progenitor cells. The osteogenic and chondrogenic
have shifted their focus from tissue-specific cells to
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differentiation of MSCs has been extensively investigated,
but the heterogeneity in origin, separation methods,
Chemical Chemical and differentiation mechanism of MSCs still needs to be
addressed. Aging, continuous passage, and donor
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parameters can also impact the regenerative potential of
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MSCs. For scaffold-loaded bioactive factor strategies, the
dose profiles and release curves of bioactive factors should
TGF-β; BMP-7; BMP-2 be optimized and rigorously validated methodologically.
In addition to the physical properties of bioinks,
certain effects and mechanisms should also be considered.
TGF-β SDF-1α caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol); HAP: Hydroxyapatite; GF: Growth factor. Bioelectric effects in bone play a highly important role
in bone development and fracture healing, and their
endogenous electric fields contribute to cell proliferation,
differentiation, and migration. Consequently, researchers
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can attempt to construct bone tissue scaffolds with a
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Table 4. Continued PNAGA PCEC; PLGA microspheres; GelMA HAP; PLGA nanospheres; alginate biomimetic electric microenvironment. Additionally,
self-healing enables hydrogels to withstand repeated
damage. Therefore, self-healing mechanisms, such as
host-guest noncovalent interactions, ionic bonding, and
hydrogen bonding, can be incorporated into hydrogels
to restore their original properties after damage. Wei et

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 83 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4472