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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting techniques & hydrogels materials

al. introduced host-guest noncovalent interactions into Formal analysis: Haiwei Tang, Enze Zhao, Yahao Lai
photo-crosslinked HA hydrogels and developed a dual- Writing – original draft: Haiwei Tang, Enze Zhao
network dynamic hydrogel with excellent self-healing Writing – review & editing: Xulin Hu, Kai Zhou,
ability. Moreover, the integration of hydrogels with Zongke Zhou
235
surrounding tissue after implantation is particularly
important for bone regeneration. Thus, researchers can Ethics approval and consent to participate
attempt to develop adhesive hydrogels to improve the Not applicable.
mechanical integrity between hydrogels and tissues in
future research. Moreover, the piezoelectric effect can Consent for publication
236
also regulate cell function and contribute to bone tissue
237
repair and regeneration. Introducing piezoelectric Not applicable.
materials (such as zinc oxide and barium titanate )
237
238
into 3D-printed hydrogels may be a promising approach Availability of data
in the future. Chronic inflammation and excessive reactive Not applicable.
oxygen species (ROS) within the joint can exacerbate the
progression of osteochondral injury. Hence, incorporating References
certain anti-inflammatory substances into hydrogels
to decrease the generation of inflammatory mediators 1. Wu J, Kuang L, Chen C, et al. miR-100-5p-abundant exosomes
and ROS and facilitate osteochondral regeneration derived from infrapatellar fat pad MSCs protect articular
is feasible. 183,239 cartilage and ameliorate gait abnormalities via inhibition of
mTOR in osteoarthritis. Biomaterials. 2019;206:87-100.
In conclusion, 3D printing is an emerging technology doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.022
that has attracted increasing interest in the clinical setting
due to its high resolution, tunable composition, and 2. Lin W, Kluzek M, Iuster N, et al. Cartilage-inspired,
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hydrogels.
boundary-lubricated
lipid-based
mechanical properties. Although 3D printing technology 2020;370(6514):335-338.
cannot yet fully replicate the characteristics of natural doi: 10.1126/science.aay8276
osteochondral tissue, it holds great promise for effectively
regenerating osteochondral tissue with advancements in 3. Lesage C, Lafont M, Guihard P, Weiss P, Guicheux J,
new technologies and biomaterials. Delplace V. Material-assisted strategies for osteochondral
defect repair. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9(16):e2200050.
doi: 10.1002/advs.202200050
Acknowledgments
4. Zhou L, Gjvm VO, Malda J, et al. Innovative tissue-
None. engineered strategies for osteochondral defect repair
and regeneration: current progress and challenges.
Funding Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;9(23):e2001008.
doi: 10.1002/adhm.202001008
The authors would like to thank the following funding
sources: The National Natural Science Foundation of 5. Deng C, Chang J, Wu C. Bioactive scaffolds for osteochondral
China (82002304, 82172394, U22A20280); 1.3.5 Project regeneration. J Orthop Translat. 2019;17:15-25.
for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2018.11.006
University (2023HXFH012 and ZYGD23033). 6. Ansari S, Khorshidi S, Karkhaneh A. Engineering of gradient
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Conflicts of interest 2019;87:41-54.
doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.071
Xulin Hu serves as the Editorial Board Member of the 7. Wang S, Zhao S, Yu J, Gu Z, Zhang Y. Advances in translational
journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial 3D printing for cartilage, bone, and osteochondral tissue
and peer-review process conducted for this paper, engineering. Small. 2022;18(36):e2201869.
directly or indirectly. Other authors declare they have no doi: 10.1002/smll.202201869
competing interests.
8. Wei W, Dai H. Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue
Author contributions engineering techniques: recent advances and challenges.
Bioact Mater. 2021;6(12):4830-4855.
Conceptualization: Haiwei Tang, Enze Zhao doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.011
Investigation: Haiwei Tang, Enze Zhao, Yahao Lai, 9. Hu W, Chen Y, Dou C, Dong S. Microenvironment in
Xiaoting Chen subchondral bone: predominant regulator for the treatment
Methodology: Yahao Lai, Anjin Chen, Weinan Zeng of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(4):413-422.

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 84 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4472