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3D Printing and Vascularized Organ Construction
A B C D

E F G H

I J K L

M N O P

Figure 6. 3D bioprinting of chondrocytes, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) into living tissues/organs
using a pioneered 3D bioprinter made at Prof. Wang’s laboratory in Tsinghua University: (A) The pioneered 3D bioprinter, (B) schematic
description of a cell-laden gelatin-based hydrogel being printed into a grid lattice using the 3D bioprinter, (C) schematic description of
the cell-laden gelatin-based hydrogel being printed into large scale-up 3D construct using the 3D bioprinter, (D) 3D printing process
of a chondrocyte-laden gelatin-based construct, (E) a grid 3D construct made from a cardiomyocyte-laden gelatin-based hydrogel,
(F) hepatocytes encapsulated in a gelatin-based hydrogel after 3D printing, (G) hepatocytes in a gelatin-based hydrogel after 3D printing,
(H) a gelatin-based hydrogel after 3D printing, (I-P) hepatocytes in some gelatin-based hydrogels after certain periods of in vitro cultures.
Reprinted from, Cryobiology, Vol 61 Issue 3, Wang X, Xu H, Incorporation of DMSO and dextran-40 into a gelatin/alginate hydrogel for
controlled assembled cell cryopreservation, 345-351., Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier.

bioartificial organs can avoid all the risks of vascular In 2013, Professor Wang developed a combined four-
rupture, stress shrinkage, immune rejection, and otherwise nozzle 3D bioprinter for complex organ manufacturing
reactions during the implantation stages [47,105,106] . These (Figure 9) . This system can be used for a wide range
[66]
are all long-awaited breakthroughs in bioartificial organ of bioartificial organ manufacturing [107-109] . At the same
manufacturing areas. This is also a long-term dream for time, the concept of vascularization and neutralization
other pertinent hot research fields, such as tissue engineering, of the large scale-up 3D-printed tissues has been adapted
biomaterials, drug screening, organ transplantation, and rapidly all over the world.
pathological analysis, with respect to the in vitro automatic Especially, with this integration of RP technology
manufacturing processes and in vivo failed/defective organ with cell-laden hydrogels, all the bottleneck problems,
repair/replacement/restoration applications. such as large scale-up tissue/organ manufacturing,

242 International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 3