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3D Printing and Vascularized Organ Construction
5. Conclusions and perspectives https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2194

The procedure of vascularized organ 3D printing involves 2. Robertson MP, Hinde RL, Lavee J, 2019, Analysis of
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molecular, cell, tissue, and organ levels. A typical property Credibility of China’s Organ Transplant Reform. BMC Med
of vascularized organ 3D printing is that it produces new Ethics, 20:79.
functional objects which are totally different from the https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0406-6
raw materials. It is an emerging new interdisciplinary 3. Wang X, Liu C, 2018, 3D Bioprinting of Adipose-derived
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networks in organs. For a long time, researchers have Cells for Bioprinting. Molecules, 21:539.
developed a variety of biocompatible 3D printing https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050539
platforms with high sustainability and output. As an 5. Liu F, Liu C, Chen Q, et al., 2017, Progress in Organ 3D
irreplaceable permanent vascular network generation
approach, 3D printing technology has attracted many Bioprinting. Int J Bioprinting, 4:1–15.
researchers because of its feasibility, diversity, and precise 6. Yeong WY, Chua CK, Leong KF, et al., 2004, Rapid
controllability. Current and future studies on 3D printing Prototyping in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Potential.
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as the precise regulation of the vessel sizes, the accurate https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.10.004
calculation of the branched angles and the exact building
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producibility, and repeatability of the techniques.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201601118
Funding 9. Griffith LG, Wu B, Cima MJ, et al., 1997, In Vitro Organogenesis
of Liver Tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 831:382–97.
The work was supported by grants from the Key
Research and Development Project of Liaoning https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52212.x
Province (No. 2018225082), the 2018 Scientist Partners 10. Zein NN, Hanouneh IA, Bishop PD, et al., 2013, Three-
of China Medical University (CMU) and Shenyang Dimensional Print of a Liver for Preoperative Planning in Living
Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (No. Donor Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl, 19:1304–10.
HZHB2018013), and the National Natural Science https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23729
Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 81571832).
11. Paulsen SJ, Miller JS, 2015, Tissue Vascularization Through
Conflicts of interest 3D Printing: Will Technology bring us Flow? Dev Dyn,
244:629–40.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24254
Authors’ contributions 12. Chow SY, Yen-Chow YC, Woodbury DM, 1992, Studies on

S.L.: Original draft preparation, edition, revision, and pH Regulatory Mechanisms in Cultured Astrocytes of DBA
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correction. All authors have read and agreed to the https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02181.x
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