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International Journal of Bioprinting Review on Hybrid Biomanufacturing Systems

A B

C D

Figure 1. Three main categories in additive biomanufacturing, including material jetting, (namely (A) inkjet bioprinting and (B) laser-assisted bioprinting),
(C) material extrusion, and (D) vat photo polymerization.

Table 1. Additive biomanufacturing techniques and their main characteristics.

AB techniques Material jetting Material extrusion Vat photo polymerization
Inkjet bioprinting Laser‑assisted bioprinting
Advantages • High deposition • Higher printing resolution • Large variety of material • Superior resolution in the
resolution; (resolution: micron level) types and viscosities nanoscale region (~100 nm)
• High printing • High‑throughput printing (up to • Highly complex surface topology
accuracy 5000 droplets deposited per second) • Hierarchical structures and
• Low cost • Able to achieve in situ printing. high-resolution cell patterning
Disadvantages • Nozzle clogging • Limited productivity and printing efficiency • Nozzle clogging • Cell sedimentation effect resulting
• Low bioink viscosity • High cost • Low printing resolution in poor cell homogeneity
• High possibility of • Small number of biomaterials that can be • Low cell viability due to • High cost
cell sedimentation transferred in each laser pulse pressure drop

allowing the printing of complex scaffolds . Furthermore, laser excites the absorption layer and causes vaporization
[26]
the cost is lower and several print heads can be concurrently and microbubble formation within the cell suspension
used to print multiple cell types in one construct . or hydrogel. This is used to eject a small droplet onto
[27]
the parallel substrate in a predefined path . The LGDW
[31]
2.1.2. Laser-assisted bioprinting
technique was subsequently developed into two types,
The first laser-based printing system, which was based namely, matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct
on the laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) effect and writing (MAPLE-DW) and biological laser printing
used a near-infrared laser to conduct cell patterning, (BioLP) .
[32]
was developed by Odde and Renn (1999) , and this
[28]
technology was named laser-guided direct writing MAPLE-DW uses low powered pulse laser (usually
(LGDW). LGDW uses a laser source (from ultrafast pulsed near-UV wavelengths) to directly interact with a donor
lasers to continuous wave lasers) to enable the addition, slide of matrix material, consisting of sacrificial water-
removal, and modification of target materials in a layer-by- based polymer, to achieve high light absorption, and energy
layer mode for tissue construct fabrication by transferring transfer. However, MAPLE-DW limits in resolution and
[33]
a bioink or cell suspension from a donor substrate onto a reproducibility . To overcome the limitations, BioLP was
[29]
build platform . In LGDW applied for tissue engineering, developed by Barron et al. utilizing a three-layer approach
the bioink, such as cells in solution or hydrogels, is coated by including a laser absorption interlayer (thickness: 75
to the underside of the laser absorption substrate . The – 100 nm) to prevent the laser direct interaction with the
[30]

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 322 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.646