Page 213 - IJB-9-2

International Journal of Bioprinting Three-dimensional bioprinting in toxicological research

Figure 6. The main types of 3D bioprinting. Despite the fact that different technological solutions are used, the basis and principle of printing are similar
in each case. Image created with BioRender.com.

that the nozzle creates droplets only when emitting signal opportunity to avoid the droplet charging, ink circulation,
presents, thus drop-on-demand bioprinting is a very and electrostatic field generation. Altering the densities
accurate, high-throughput and efficient printing method, or volumes of droplets establishes gradient concentration
which is highly controllable. Since the droplets could be between distinct areas of printed material. Several
positioned precisely into desired spot and even without hydrogels, such as agarose, alginate, collagen, fibrinogen,
pressure force, the surface tension inhibits the leakage of ink, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), and thrombin, could be
and the droplet formation occurs only when pulse energy utilized for this technique, which also allows scaffold-
transcends the threshold [80,100] . Its attribution gives an free printing. Material jetting can be categorized into four

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2023) 205 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i2.663