Page 232 - IJB-9-6

International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinting in diabetic foot disease

Figure 1. The current skin bioprinting process

Table 1. Comparison of three common skin bioprinting strategies

Bioprinting strategy Advantages Disadvantages Challenges
Laser-assisted bioprinting High-viscosity biomaterials with minimal Less economical and largely time- Optimization of the printing
risk of clogging, and high printing consuming parameters
precision and cell viability
Inkjet bioprinting Low cost, widespread use, efficient Nozzle clogging and low concentration Shear stress
printing speed, and high cell viability and
resolution
Extrusion bioprinting Most commonly used, high cell densities, High shear stress, lower printing speed Gelation and shear thinning
and good compatibility with biomaterials and resolution, and lower cell viability properties of materials

Additionally, it can be cultured in a variety of bioreactors, laser-, acoustic-, and microfluidic-driven bioprinting,
including stirred flasks, perfusion systems, rotating wall which are typically more expensive .
[26]
vessels, and many others [23,26] . In addition, before applying In skin bioprinting, novel technologies, including
the bioprinting product, one final check is conducted. laser-assisted bioprinting, inkjet bioprinting, and extrusion
Several key indicators must be considered, such as bioprinting, have been widely used . Table 1 summarizes
[26]
sustained dermal cell viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) these three technologies in detail [25-29] .
production, and biomechanical testing .
[23]
Recent studies have combined cell spheroids with
2.2. Skin bioprinting strategies 3D bioprinting technology to explore the regeneration
The nomenclature of bioprinting technologies is often of skin appendages [29] . Zhang et al. [30] demonstrated
related to the mechanisms involved in these technologies . a method for the symbiosis of hair follicles and sweat
[25]
Pressure-assisted system is the most commonly used glands in vitro by attaching hair follicle spheres to a
bioprinting technology due to low cost . In addition, novel sweat gland scaffold prepared based on extrusion-
[25]
there are other systems, such as piezoelectric-, thermal-, based bioprinting.

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 224 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0142