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International Journal of Bioprinting Advances for 3D-printed oral drug delivery systems

3D Printer Prusa i3MK3, and had different formulations. (ii) Quality assurance is one of the main concerns
The blind-watermarking bits were printed as a pattern on of developing 3D-printed oral DDS due to the
the flat sides of the oblong tablets; the bits were distributed regulatory challenges. The QbD approach is being
across the layers, and the interaction between the layers used to improve efficiency in the design of a
created a code. Even though this is a novel approach, product, by identifying the parameter effects with
not all polymers are suitable for this method, and QR the selected responses. Tools like DoE, ANOVA,
codes can store more information than bits encoded in and Box–Behnken design are implemented to
the tablet [104] . ensure quality. At the same time, protocols to
standardize compounding procedures (mixing,
3.4.4. Mobile health technologies preparation, and printing) as well as decision maps
Smartphone-enabled 3D printers can be an innovative to facilitate decision-making are being developed.
option to patients that have non-complex dosage The integration of all these methods can lead to
formulations; they can be located at the patient’s home, quality assurance in the different types of dosage
and given their accessibility, they can be printed at forms.
any moment. (iii) Trends related to the final end-user application

Xu et al. created a smartphone-enabled 3D printer for included abuse-deterrent 3D-printed oral
dosage forms. The compact printer used the light from the dosage forms that are being designed to limit
smartphone to photopolymerize liquid resins and created the accessibility to non-prescribed opioids,
solid structures, and it worked under stereolithography as a solution to the global opioid abuse crisis.
principles. Warfarin printlets were produced based on the 3D-printed pediatric formulations taking into
shape determined on the smartphone app. The printlets consideration the age, maximum daily dose,
obtained high resolutions and outstanding dimensional route of administration, and toxicity of the active
precision. The developed printer can be an alternative ingredients are also being developed. Tailored
to produce tablets in resource-limited settings, in 3D-printed pediatric oral dosage forms are an
emergencies, or at the patient’s home [105] . opportunity to adapt formulations that are not
commercially available for children. For disease
4. Conclusion treatment, 3D-printed capsules that allow the intake
of multiple drugs and avoid negative interactions
According to the main objective of this research, a CTI between active pharmaceutical ingredients are also
methodology was applied to analyze 3D-printed oral DDS, being studied.
specifically to reveal the current trends and advances in
R&D in terms of end-user applications, quality assurance, (iv) For user acceptability, 3D-printed oral DDS
user acceptability, and digital technologies. The research have a general positive impact on children,
period was from January 1, 1900, to May 1, 2023. Some of healthcare professionals, and general patients, and
the most important insights are: understanding the user preferences can facilitate
the emergence of these types of dosage forms in the
(i) There is a tendency toward digitalization in the market. Aside from the processes, materials, and
industry that foresees the migration of clinical trials functionality of these dosage forms, researchers
to digital solutions. Machine learning is being used are now taking into consideration the physical
to optimize and predict process parameters and appearance and taste to increase their appeal, making
formulation behaviors, with some of the optimized them more user-centered.
models already available for general use, which is the
case of M3DISEEN, a web-application predicting The results of this study can be helpful for researchers,
tool based on artificial intelligence. Applications like organizations, and investment firms interested in novel
DEFEND3D are being assessed to avoid cyber risks treatments, R&D in areas of 3D printing, medicine,
stemming from the remote digital transfer of electronic healthcare, and pharmaceutics.
prescriptions to the 3D printer. Digital technologies are
also used as facilitators; QR codes are being tested as Acknowledgments
a traceability method to increase security and obtain The authors acknowledge the institutional support
additional information about the dosage form. Light received from Tecnologico de Monterrey and the National
from smartphones was used to enable 3D printing of Council of Humanities, Science and Technology of Mexico
dosage forms on a medium-sized 3D printer. (CONAHCYT).

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 517 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1119