Page 520 - IJB-9-6

International Journal of Bioprinting Advances for 3D-printed oral drug delivery systems

Saka developed an expandable fibrous dosage form US FDA tests. The hardness of the egglets confirmed its
with 3D micropatterning, which was formulated with snort-resistant potential, making it a promising tool to
acetaminophen and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose avoid opioid abuse .
[65]
(HPMC) . The normalized axial expansion was up Ong et al. produced tramadol printlets with alcohol-
[58]
to 100% in 15 min, making a 10 mm diameter disk into resistant and abuse-deterrent properties . The tablets
[66]
a 20 mm viscous gel; the disks also had delayed dose were fabricated with a powder bed extrusion process and a
release (80% in 2.0–8.4 h) . Blaesi and Saka continued M3DIMAKER™ printer. The results revealed strong ethanol-
[58]
their investigation with expandable dual-excipient fibrous resistance and moderate abuse-deterrent properties. By
dosage forms of sparingly-soluble drugs . adding polyethylene oxide (PEO) to the formulations, its
[59]
3.1.4. Patients with limitations (visual impairment) dissolution in solvent extraction tests was delayed, and the
[66]
The benefits of 3D printing oral DDS go further than being resistance to physical tampering improved .
a solution to correct incorrect dosage administration and Palekar et al. developed a novel 3D-printed capsule shell
lack of controlled release, or to prevent negative interactions filled with an aversion liquid . The filaments were loaded
[67]
between different active pharmaceutical ingredients. 3D with metformin hydrochloride and had higher mechanical
printing can also be used to satisfy other patient needs. strength compared to other drug loadings. The 3D-printed
This sub-section incorporates the latest findings related to capsule was filled with an aversion liquid composed of
visual impairment patients. Sudan Black B and sodium polyacrylamide starch. By
Using selective laser sintering, Awad et al. produced making the manipulable formulation less attractive, the
orally disintegrating paracetamol printlets with Braille and 3D-printed capsule has the potential to visually discourage
[67]
Moon patterns on their surface. The various shapes of the opioid abusers .
printlets were intended to provide additional information
like dosing regimen and medication indication. The tablets 3.2. User acceptability
had good mechanical properties and a disintegration This classification includes 19 publications, with
time of 5 s, avoiding water intake and facilitating information related to improving the palatability of
self-administration. The readability was tested by a 3D-printed dosage forms and the general perception
blind participant . of end users. The sub-categories are “pediatric
[60]
acceptability,” “healthcare professionals,” “patients,” and
Ketoprofen intraoral films with braille characters on the “palatability methods.”
surface were developed by Eleftheriadis and Fatouros
[61]
using fused deposition modeling. The haptic identifiers on 3.2.1. Pediatric acceptability
the surface of the dosage forms helped patients with visual Medicine taste can be an important factor in children
impairment to recognize the correct treatment regimen. compliance and treatment adherence since their taste buds
The Braille characters on the 3D-printed film complied are more sensitive to bitter tastes . An article stated that
[68]
with the Marburg Medium spacing convention for Braille. giving children more choices can help overcome their
The intraoral films were tested by participants with visual aversion to medicine . At the same time, masking the
[69]
impairments, who reported excellent readability . taste profiles of medicines can make pediatric patients
[61]
more willing to take them . This sub-category focuses on
[68]
3.1.5. Abuse deterrent various advances in 3D-printed dosage form to improve
Opioids are pain-reliving drugs; when attached to the pediatric compliance.
receptors in brain cells, the cells release signals that subdue
pain perception and magnify the feeling of pleasure . Rycerz et al. produced a novel form that consisted of
[62]
On a global scale, about 0.5 million deaths are related to a chewable dosage form with dual loading in the form of
drug abuse, and more than 70% of those deaths are linked a Lego™, using embedded 3D printing (e-3DP) and a M2
to opioids, with 30% caused by overdose . In order to MakerGear FDM 3D printer . The brick-like dosage form
[70]
[63]
solve this problem and reduce abuse, abuse-deterrent was composed of an internal paracetamol and ibuprofen
formulations are created to target the expected routes of powder suspension in a model drug ink (embedded
opioid abuse, such as injecting and snorting . phase) and a gelatin-based matrix (embedding phase).
[64]
In 2019, Nukala et al. used fused deposition modeling The created gelatin-based LEGO™ had a soft consistency
and a MakerBot® printer to develop a 3D-printed and a sweet taste, making it easier for patients with
[70]
methamphetamine loaded egg-shaped tablet . These swallowing problems .
[65]
egglets had different sizes and infill densities for varying Herrada-Manchón et al. developed children-tailored
the drug dose. The optimized tablets passed most of the medicinal gummies with an attractive appearance

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 512 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1119