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International Journal of Bioprinting Advances for 3D-printed oral drug delivery systems

(bear- and heart-shaped) using syringe-based extrusion Hospital) that specializes in health care of neonates
3D printing . The formulation contained ranitidine to children aged 15. The results showed a positive
[71]
hydrochloride, xanthan gum, strawberry essence, gelatin, perception toward the 3D printing of oral medicines
Maizena®, liquid sweetener, deionized water, and food with the participants considering that there were many
coloring. The structured features of the 3D-printed positive aspects and opportunities. Nevertheless, the
gummies permitted easy handling and intake, improving respondents also demonstrated uneasiness associated
treatment adherence . with quality control, dosage accuracy, stability, and shelf
[71]
[77]
Karavasili et al. fabricated chewable chocolate-based life of formulations .
3D-printed dosage forms with paracetamol and ibuprofen 3.2.3. Patient
as active ingredients using an extrusion-based process . For a product to be successful, it should be aligned with the
[72]
In 2021, Wang et al. used an innovative ColorJet 3D preferences of the users. This sub-category covers studies
printing (CJ-3DP) technology to create colorful cartoon related to the preferences and perceptions of patients on
tablets . The tablets were loaded with a pediatric the shapes, colors, and sizes of 3D-printed dosage forms.
[73]
formulation of levetiracetam and had the design of Since 2017, Goyanes et al. have started exploring the
rabbits, bears, hearts, and candy. Spearmint flavor and influence of shape, size, and color of various placebo
sucralose were used to improve the taste. Through the CJ- Printlets™; in addition, the acceptability with regard to
3DP process, the tablets were conferred friendly physical picking and swallow was also investigated . The tablets
[78]
appearance and good mechanical properties . were manufactured using fused deposition modeling and
[73]
Tabriz et al. masked the bitter taste of diphenhydramine had different geometries, including disc, torus, sphere,
hydrochloride (DPH)-fused deposition modeling tablets capsule, title diamond, pentagon, heart, diamond, triangle,
with sweetener (sucralose) and strawberry flavor, which and cube. The overall results indicate that torus-shaped
exhibited a good aftertaste perception and synergy between tablets had the top score for ease to swallow and pick,
the sweetener, strawberry flavor, and the DPH . followed by capsule and disc shape; the familiarity with the
[74]
geometry of the dosage form is a relevant factor influencing
Bracken et al. evaluated the acceptability of 3D-printed acceptability of the end user. The color also affected the
placebo solid dosage forms in children and youths aged perception of the printlets .
[78]
4–12 years . The participants rated the swallowability,
[75]
acceptability, mouthfeel, volume of water consumed, The perceptions and preferences of 3D-printed
and taste of the sample. Seventy-seven percent of the medicines of polypharmacy patients in Zealand, Denmark,
participants reported that there would be no inconvenience were studied by Fastø et al. who concluded that there was a
in taking the tablet every day as medicine . preference for shapes similar to conventional formulations;
[75]
there was also an inclination to different colors . The
[79]
3.2.2. Healthcare professionals overall patient acceptability was affected by the following
With the latest advances in 3D-printed oral DDS, their factors: appeal (appealing), physiological (swallowing),
adoption in hospitals and pharmacies is becoming a near practical (handling), pedagogical (understanding), and
[79]
reality; therefore, it is also relevant to know the perspective psychological (relate to) .
of healthcare professionals in the adoption and perception Kabeya et al. researched patient preferences of the size
of the different types of 3D-printed dosage forms. of 3D-printed tablets and capsules . The study was carried
[80]
Goh et al. studied the preferences of healthcare out in a pharmacy in Japan. The results demonstrated that
professionals at Tan Tock Seng Hospital in Singapore; age, gender, disease status, number of drugs usually taken,
the results of the pilot study revealed that more than and ingestion problems did not have a big impact on the
70% of the respondents agreed with the benefits of evaluation outcome. Larger capsules and tablets (thickness
3D-printed tablets and more than 60% of the participants above 6 mm) had the highest swallowing difficulty score,
were willing to be prescribed 3D-printed tablets . On and smaller formulations (thickness below 2 mm) had the
[76]
[80]
the other hand, there were still concerns regarding the worst picking difficulty score .
formulation considerations, manufacturing processes, and 3.2.4. Palatability methods
administrative issues . To determine the palatability of 3D-printed oral DDS,
[76]
In 2020, Rautamo et al. explored the perception focus groups and interviews are needed; this requires
of healthcare professionals of oral 3D-printed dosage gathering people, which can be inconvenient. Two methods
forms in pediatric treatments . The study was made in to analyze the palatability of 3D-printed DDS that do not
[77]
a tertiary university hospital (HUS Helsinki University require the user in situ are presented.

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 513 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1119