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International Journal of Bioprinting Advances for 3D-printed oral drug delivery systems

Figure 6. Number of publications per 3D printing technique of the categories “end-user applications,” “quality assurance,” “user acceptability,” and “digital
technologies.” *Specific technique not available.

The technological trends of the categories are presented the result was a fused deposition modeling-printed bilayer
based on the total number of publications of each category tablet; the design of the tablet enabled a reduction in the
previously established: degradation of rifampicin in acidic environments, avoiding
interactions between rifampicin and isoniazid .
[35]
3.1. Final end-user application
There are 92 publications in the final end-user application Parkinson’s disease should be controlled
category. This category targets specific applications of symptomatically as it cannot be cured, and its treatment
3D-printed oral DDS including “disease treatment,” requires the intake of various medications such as
“pediatrics,” “gastrointestinal,” “patients with limitations levodopa, benserazide, and pramipexole. Windolf et al.
(visual impairment),” and “abuse deterrent.” used fused deposition modeling to create a series of
easy-to-swallow mini-polypills with different dosages,
3.1.1. Disease treatment layers, and geometries. As a result, they improved the
This sub-section describes the advances of 3D-printed oral design of the formulation and the floating property, and
DDS for specific diseases, as well as solutions for negative prolonged the API absorption of levodopa in the upper
interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients gastrointestinal tract. The fabricated polypills allowed
and alternatives for multiple medication intake. individualized dosing, reducing the amount of different

The combination of the anti-tuberculosis drugs, medicine intake, and improved patient adherence to
[36]
rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (ISO), has a negative their therapy .
interaction upon simultaneous release in an acidic Hydrocortisone, a medicine for the treatment of
environment. Genina et al. designed a 3D-printed multi- adrenal insufficiency, if taken three times daily, can
compartment dosage unit with fused deposition modeling produce negative side effects due to plasma cortisol
where the APIs were loaded in the filaments via hot fluctuations. To reduce the daily dosage intake, Ayyoubi
melt extrusion . The multi-compartment dosage unit et al. created a 24-h release 3D-printed hydrocortisone
[34]
demonstrated a delayed release and absorption of the drugs, tablet using M3DICORT . The tablets demonstrated a
[37]
avoiding the interaction of rifampicin and isoniazid . In 24-h dissolution profile and unique quality attributes. On
[34]
2021, Tabriz et al. also tackled this problem, except that the other hand, some impurities within the tablet were
Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 509 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1119