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International Journal of Bioprinting Printed organoids for medicine

derived organoids has revolutionized precision medicine screening allows real-time evaluation of barrier integrity
by facilitating the creation of personalized disease models under pharmacological challenges, offering a scalable
and advancing therapeutic research. 98,103 By incorporating tool for drug permeability and toxicity studies. Similarly,
immune cells, stromal cells, and other pertinent cell Jonathan et al. have developed the BATE technique
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types as well as vascular networks into organoid models, to create centimeter-sized gastrointestinal tissues with
the ability to embed organoids within customizable self-organizing features, enhancing the scalability and
bioprinted geometries allows researchers to simulate the applicability of bioprinted organoids in various research
spatial heterogeneity of inflammatory microenvironments, areas. By merging microstructural fidelity with functional
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including immune cell infiltration and cytokine gradients, compartmentalization, these approaches transcend the
and delve into the exploration of disease mechanisms, such limitations of traditional models. Their scalability and
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as the impact of specific genes and signaling pathways in adaptability pave the way for advanced intestinal niches
inflammation, and facilitate the screening of potential incorporating dynamic cues or microbial interactions,
therapeutic interventions. 106,107 Bioprinted organoids offer promising transformative applications in drug discovery
valuable insights into the pathogenesis of rheumatoid and gut pathophysiology research.
arthritis, characterized by persistent joint inflammation
and cartilage degradation. By mimicking interactions 3.2. Genetic diseases
between synovial tissue and immune cells, these models Genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hereditary
facilitate the investigation of inflammatory mediators metabolic defects have been modeled using bioprinted
and genetic determinants. Furthermore, they enhance the organoids derived from iPSCs. Bioprinting enables the
optimization of pharmacological interventions that target precise arrangement of wild-type and mutant cells within
inflammatory pathways, holding promise for personalized organoids, facilitating the analysis of cell-autonomous versus
medicine. non-cell-autonomous disease mechanisms. Human iPSC-
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derived neural organoids with patterned differentiation
Intestinal organoids incorporating patient-derived have been used to study neurodevelopmental disorders
cells have been leveraged to study gut inflammation caused by genetic mutations. Organoids offer valuable
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and epithelial barrier dysfunction, providing insights insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in such
into inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. 109,110 3D disorders and the effectiveness of gene editing tools such
bioprinting is notably applied in generating gastrointestinal as CRISPR/Cas9 for potential therapeutic applications.
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organoids, which demonstrate distinctive transcriptomic The integration of CRISPR genome editing techniques
and secretomic signatures in patients with Crohn’s (including knockout, base editing, and prime editing) with
disease, elucidating disease-specific mechanisms and 3D organoid cultures has enabled the modeling of disease
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responses. The quest to replicate the small intestine’s progression and the investigation of genetic disorders.
intricate architecture and physiology in vitro has driven This approach effectively bridges the gap between patient-
innovations in 3D bioprinting. Conventional planar derived cells and our understanding of diseases. Schene
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epithelial monolayers lack the 3D villi topography et al. demonstrated the utility of prime editing in
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essential for mimicking native absorption and barrier repairing genetic defects within patient-derived organoids,
dynamics. Stereolithographic 3D printing now addresses showcasing the precision and therapeutic potential of this
this gap through THE precision fabrication of villus-like gene editing strategy. Leigh syndrome, an untreatable
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micropillar arrays using tunable poly(ethylene glycol) mitochondrial disorder associated with a SURF1
diacrylate hydrogels. These scaffolds sustain month- mutation, has been addressed using Cas9 genome editing
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long Caco-2 cultures, inducing apicobasal polarization to rectify the mutated SURF1 gene in patient-derived
akin to in vivo epithelial organization, which serves as a organoids. This approach has provided insights into
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critical advance for physiologically relevant transport the physiological correlation between SURF1 and Leigh
and metabolic studies (Figure 5A). A key innovation syndrome. Additionally, patient-specific iPSCs have been
lies in dual-material printing strategies that integrate utilized to replicate macrocephaly/autism phenotypes,
diffusion-open villus microstructures with diffusion- demonstrating the adaptability of patient-derived
closed hydrogel walls. This compartmentalization isolates organoids in investigating intricate genetic conditions.
epithelial transport processes, emulating the luminal- Furthermore, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been employed
interstitial interface while enabling high-throughput in brain organoid models to induce models of congenital
analysis. Functionally, Caco-2 cells on these platforms nervous system malformation diseases, facilitating the
form confluent barriers with tight junctions, validated by exploration of these intricate disorders. 119,120 Additionally,
transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescent tracer bone organoids bioprinted with GelMA bioinks have
assays (Figure 5B). The compatibility with compound replicated genetic bone disorders, like osteogenesis

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 77 doi: 10.36922/IJB025190184