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International Journal of Bioprinting Printed organoids for medicine

imperfecta, characterized by brittle bones, enabling the and lupus-related vasculopathy. 39,125 Parallel advancements
study of mutations in collagen-producing genes and their in psoriatic modeling have been achieved through laser-
impact on bone structure and strength. assisted bioprinting of stratified skin organoids by Michael
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et al. Their multilayered architecture, incorporating
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3.3. Metabolic diseases patient-derived keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and immune
Metabolic diseases, including diabetes and non-alcoholic cells, recapitulated hallmarks of disease pathogenesis,
fatty liver disease, have been modeled using bioprinted including hyperproliferative epidermis, interleukin-23/
hepatic and pancreatic organoids. Bioprinted liver interleukin-17 axis dysregulation, and T-cell infiltration
organoids with perfusable vascular networks mimic the dynamics visualized via integrated microfluidics. 127,128 The
zonated metabolism of hepatocytes, enabling the study platform’s dual utility in mechanistic interrogation and
of lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Recent therapeutic screening was evidenced by the successful
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advances in nozzle-free bioprinting have preserved suppression of inflammatory markers using anti-tumor
organoid polarization and liver-specific enzyme activity, necrosis factor alpha biologics. Nevertheless, the
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which are critical for replicating metabolic dysfunction. absence of neural components limits its capacity to model
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Breakthroughs in bioprinted pancreatic organoids have neuroimmune crosstalk, which is particularly relevant to
demonstrated transformative potential for diabetes pruritus mechanisms. Future iterations incorporating
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research and β-cell regeneration. A seminal study by Ahn sensory neurons and Schwann cells could bridge this gap,
et al. has achieved functional restoration in diabetic enabling a comprehensive study of itch pathways while
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murine models through extrusion-based bioprinting preserving the strength in real-time immune monitoring
of human iPSC-derived β-cells co-encapsulated and high-content drug evaluation.
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with endothelial progenitors in a tunable alginate
matrix. These constructs exhibited glucose-responsive Additionally, lymph node organoids with spatially
insulin secretion and sustained normoglycemia post- organized stromal and immune cell populations provide
implantation, attributed to the integration of pre-vascular platforms to investigate antigen presentation and T-cell
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networks via co-printed endothelial cells. This enabled activation in autoimmune contexts. The translational
perfusable microvasculature formation within 7 days challenge for immune organoid research lies in
and an immunoprotective hydrogel design balancing modeling sensitivity and resistance to immunotherapies,
crosslinking density to permit metabolic exchange while encompassing checkpoint inhibition, novel pathways,
evading immune detection. Furthermore, vascularized and adoptive cell transfer strategies. The identification of
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pancreatic organoids have been employed to investigate underlying resistance pathways also holds considerable
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β-cell dysfunction and insulin secretion dynamics under promise for human tumor immunotherapy. Together,
hyperglycemic conditions. Bone/cartilage organoids these studies exemplify how spatial precision in bioprinting
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enable the study of metabolic pathways in cartilage accelerates both disease deconstruction and regenerative
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development and pathologies. Analyzing the metabolomic strategy development. Furthermore, combining
profiles of these organoids reveals insights into metabolic organoids with advanced imaging techniques and multi-
changes linked to conditions such as OA. Understanding omics approaches can enhance our understanding of
these alterations is vital for designing therapies targeting immune responses and disease progression, paving the
specific metabolic pathways to manage cartilage way for more effective therapeutic interventions.
degradation. Integrating metabolomics with organoid While significant progress has been made in modeling
technology offers new research opportunities in bone metabolic and immune diseases using bioprinted
and cartilage biology, disease mechanisms, biomaterials, organoids, further research is needed to overcome
and pharmacology. This approach lays the groundwork technical challenges and translate these models into
for future research utilizing metabolomics for enhanced clinical applications. The integration of organ-on-a-chip
diagnostics, treatments, and regenerative approaches. 124 technology with metabolomics and advanced imaging
techniques will undoubtedly continue to drive innovation
3.4. Immune diseases in disease modeling and therapy development.
Bioprinted organoids are increasingly used to model
autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders. The 3.5. Neurodegenerative diseases
incorporation of endothelial and immune cells into Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and
bioprinted constructs allows the recapitulation of immune Parkinson’s diseases have been modeled using bioprinted
cell trafficking and vascular inflammation. 123,125 For neural organoids. Multi-material bioprinting of human
example, vascularized skin organoids with hierarchical iPSC-derived neural stem cells and endothelial progenitors
structures have been developed to study dermatological has generated cortical organoids with layered regions and

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 79 doi: 10.36922/IJB025190184