Page 112 - IJPS-10-3

International Journal of
Population Studies Gender differences in mental health outcomes

Table 4. Gender and violence effects on self‑declared measures (bivariate analysis)
Fear of Fear of BDS‑22 LAS‑10 LIS‑18 PCL‑5 (PTSS) WHO‑5 IFDFW APGAR
Poverty COVID‑19 (Distress) (Anxiety) (Insomnia) (Mental (Financial) Index (Family
well‑being) functions)
Males 6.53 (2.75) 10.58 (6.06) 13.42 (14.45) 14.40 (9.29) 43.77 (11.60) 13.57 (14.77) 15.61 (5.03) 41.38 (16.81) 7.76 (2.73)
Females 7.23 (2.52) 12.03 (5.92) 18.49 (15.83) 16.10 (8.32) 45.36 (10.87) 21.29 (18.04) 14.08 (4.74) 38.58 (17.71) 7.85 (2.72)
p-value 0.003 0.007 <0.001 0.032 0.114 <0.001 <0.001 0.071 0.726
No 6.91 (2.64) 11.49 (6.05) 15.52 (15.27) 14.92 (8.69) 43.96 (10.91) 17.87 (16.97) 15.06 (4.90) 40.01 (17.18) 7.93 (2.60)
violence (0)
Any 6.52 (2.97) 8.67 (5.64) 23.00 (16.12) 20.57 (9.47) 53.89 (12.84) 15.07 (17.65) 11.37 (4.52) 40.85 (19.73) 6.44 (3.75)
violence (1)
No 7.64 (2.01) 12.74 (3.91) 22.12 (13.61) 16.82 (8.73) 47.07 (9.38) 14.51 (17.30) 13.17 (3.51) 32.08 (16.17) 6.13 (3.32)
answer (2)
p-value 0.502 0.036 0.017 0.003 <0.001 0.577 <0.001 0.347 0.069
p-value (1) 1.000 0.040 0.030 0.002 <0.001 1.000 <0.001 1.000 0.150
versus (0)
p-value (2) 1.000 1.000 0.540 0.732 1.000 1.000 0.678 0.465 0.061
versus (0)
Note: p-values in bold refer to statistically significant results.
Abbreviations: APGAR: Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve; BDS-22: Beirut Distress Scale-22; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease;
IFDFW: InCharge Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale; LAS-10: Lebanese Anxiety Scale-10; LIS-18: Lebanese Insomnia Scale; PCL-5: Post-traumatic
Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5; PTSS: Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms; WHO-5: World Health Organization Well-Being Index.

A
50 47.123 46.386
40
30
20 15.901 15.336 16.314 15.134 14.932
11.207* 12.722* 11.712*
10
0
BDS-22 LAS-10 LIS-18 PCL-5 WHO-5
Males Females
B
60
52.401
50 41.108*
40
30
20 17.352 11.611 16.446 12.814 15.212 16.368 13.698
10 9.755*
0
BDS-22 LAS-10 LIS-18 PCL-5 WHO-5
No domestic violence Domestic violence
Figure 1. Mental health measure: estimated marginal means per gender (A) and according to domestic violence (B). *p < 0.05. (A) p-values for
BDS-22 = 0.005; LAS-10 = 0.033; LIS-18 = 0.645; PCL-5 = 0.025 and WHO-5 = 0.754. Adjustment over age, marital status, university education, health
coverage, chronic disease, family member with chronic disease, worrying for a family member with chronic disease, fear of not having access to chronic
disease treatment, domestic violence, professional status, socioeconomic status, APGAR family index, financial wellness, and fear of COVID-19.
Covariates appearing in the model are evaluated at the following values: APGAR index = 8.0140, age = 47.4720, financial wellness = 40.3318, fear of
COVID-19 = 10.7243. (B) p-values for BDS-22 = 0.041; LAS-10 = 0.078; LIS-18 = 0.002; PLC-5 = 0.601 and WHO-5 = 0.065. Adjustment over gender,
age, marital status, university education, health coverage, chronic disease, family member with a chronic disease, worrying for a family member with a
chronic disease, fear of not having access to chronic disease treatment, professional status, socioeconomic status, APGAR family scale, financial wellness,
and fear of COVID-19. Covariates appearing in the model are evaluated at the following values: APGAR scale = 8.0140, age = 47.4720, IFD wellness
scale = 40.3318, fear of COVID-19 scale = 10.7243.
Abbreviations: BDS-22: Beirut Distress Scale-22; LAS-10: Lebanese Anxiety Scale-10; LIS-18: Lebanese Insomnia Scale; PCL-5: Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder Checklist for DSM-5; WHO-5: World Health Organization Well-Being Index. Additional details related to the MANCOVA are presented in
Appendix.

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 106 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1985