Page 37 - IJPS-11-4

International Journal of
Population Studies Stress in early adulthood

Table 2. The association between stress at ages 15, 18, and 21 and perceived stress or work stress at age 28, n = 1275
Variables Perceived stress Work stress
§
†
Crude, OR Model 1 , Model 2 , Crude, OR Model 1 , Model 2 ,
†
§
(95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Stress age 15
High 1.7 (1.3 – 2.3) 1.7 (1.2 – 2.3) 1.3 (0.9 – 1.8) 1.5 (1.1 – 2.1) 1.5 (1.0 – 2.0) 1.1 (0.8 – 1.7)
Low Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Stress age 18
High 3.1 (2.3 – 4.2) 3.1 (2.3 – 4.2) 2.5 (1.7 – 3.5) 1.7 (1.2 – 2.4) 1.6 (1.1 – 2.3) 1.2 (0.8 – 1.7)
Low Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Stress age 21
High 4.0 (2.9 – 5.5) 3.9 (2.8 – 5.4) 3.1 (2.2 – 4.4) 1.9 (1.4 – 2.7) 1.9 (1.3 – 2.7) 1.4 (0.9 – 2.1)
Low Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Accumulated stress (number of time points)
≥2 5.4 (1.9 – 4.0) 5.5 (3.7 – 8.0) 3.7 (2.4 – 5.6) 2.5 (1.7 – 3.6) 2.4 (1.6 – 3.6) 1.5 (0.9 – 2.4)
1 2.7 (1.9 – 4.0) 2.8 (1.9 – 4.1) 2.3 (1.5 – 3.5) 1.5 (1.0 – 2.2) 1.4 (1.0 – 2.2) 1.0 (0.7 – 1.6)
0 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Sex
Female 1.2 (0.9 – 1.6) 1.4 (1.0 – 1.9)
Male Reference Reference
Equivalized parental income (ages 7 – 10)
Low 1.3 (0.9 – 1.8) 1.1 (0.8 – 1.6)
Medium 1.0 (0.7 – 1.4) 1.2 (0.8 – 1.6)
High Reference Reference
Parental educational level (age 15)
<10 years 1.5 (1.0 – 2.3) 1.1 (0.7 – 1.7)
10 – 13 years 0.9 (0.7 – 1.3) 0.9 (0.6 – 1.2)
>13 years Reference Reference
Own educational level
<10 years 2.1 (1.2 – 3.7) 1.1 (0.6 – 2.2)
10 – 13 years 1.1 (0.8 – 1.4) 0.9 (0.7 – 1.3)
>13 years Reference Reference
Forms of employment
Temporarily employed 1.6 (1.1 – 2.2) 0.8 (0.5 – 1.2)
Permanently employed Reference Reference
Psychosocial work climate
Poor 2.8 (1.8 – 4.2) 5.2 (3.4 – 7.9)
Good Reference Reference
Work-life balance
Poor 3.7 (2.7 – 5.0) 4.6 (3.3 – 6.3)
Good Reference Reference
Work justice
Poor 3.8 (2.9 – 5.0) 3.2 (2.4 – 4.4)
Good Reference Reference
Worries about losing job
Many 3.1 (2.4 – 4.1) 1.7 (1.3 – 2.4)
Few Reference Reference
Notes: Adjusted for gender, parental education and income, and own educational level. : Model 1 and adjusted for psychosocial work climate,
§
†
precariousness, work-life balance, work justice, and worries about losing the job.
Abbreviations: CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 31 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.0864