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Arora

Table 1. Characteristics of selected participants.
Identifier Gender District and village Occupation Age Herd type Herd size
P2 Male Pali Pastoralist 35 Sheep 30
P3 Male Pali Pastoralist 32 Sheep and goats 80
P4 Male Sirohi Pastoralist 35 Sheep and goats 60
P5 Male Pali Pastoralist 45 Sheep 100
P6 Male Pali Pastoralist 55 Camels 40
P7 Female Pali Entrepreneur and social N.D. N.A. N.A.
worker (key informant)
P9 Male Pali Pastoralist 60 Goats, sheep, and cow 40, 20, and 1
P10 Male Pali Pastoralist 60-70 Goats and sheep 30
P11 Male Pali Pastoralist 35 Goats, camels, and sheep 35, 15, and 150
P12 Male Pali Pastoralist 60-70 Sheep and goats 40
P13 Female Pali Pastoralist, laborer, and agriculture N.D. Goats and sheep 25 and 30
P14 Male Pali Entrepreneur 55 None None
P15 Female Pali Pastoralist 65 Goats and sheep 45 and 35
P16 Male Jalore Laborer 20 None None
P17 Male Jalore Pastoralist 60 Sheep 40
P18 Male Pali Pastoralist 35 Goats 200
P19 Female Pali Homemaker and laborer 40 and 42 N.A. N.A.
P20 Male Jalore Pastoralist 60 Sheep 40
P21 Male Pali Pastoralist and entrepreneur 42 Cows and buffaloes 15

this process, a clear comparison between past and current values was made. The analysis used NVivo 12 software.
Subsequently, the study identified the biophysical, political, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities of the Raikas and the
resultant adaptation decisions. This exercise allowed the study to juxtapose the social values and vulnerabilities against
the adaptation decisions. This process enables the discovery of similarities, differences, and linkages between and within
these three elements (Seidel and Kelle, 1995: 55–56).

3. Results

3.1. Value shifts in Raikas
This study observed a definite shift in the lived values of Raikas across four of the five domains of Graham, Barnett, Fincher
et al.’s framework (2013). Raikas experience a sense of inferiority and disillusionment about their current socioeconomic
status. They feel left behind in the development and modernization discourse and are making efforts to move away from
their traditional values, lifestyle, and livelihood practices. Traditionalism, in their context, refers to a firm adherence to
Hinduism, patriarchy, and traditional practices and livelihoods; less emphasis on formal, western education; community
living; and having large families (Inglehart and Baker, 2000). Westernization and modernization would imply the opposite
traits and give precedence to western attire, education for women, freedom to choose a partner, etc. (Inglehart and Baker,
2000). The previous studies have found that the Raikas in the neighboring state of Gujarat also perceive themselves as a
“backward group” that is excluded from the development around them (Dyer, 2012).

3.1.1. Esteem
In the past, Raikas associated esteem-related values (Table 2) such as social status, pride, and job satisfaction directly with
their livestock quantity and nomadic pastoralism (LPPS, 2004). The larger a person’s livestock, the more prestige and
respect they enjoyed within the community.
“For us, the real wealth was our number of cattle. If you had 200 goats, people would be happy to give you their
daughter in marriage.” (55-year-old Raika)

International Journal of Population Studies | 2020, Volume 6, Issue 1 59