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Innovative Medicines & Omics Antioxidant nanomedicines for therapies

2. Design principles of antioxidant as reactants to neutralize ROS, such as black phosphorus
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nanomedicines nanosheets and polydopamine nanoparticles, while
others are nanocatalysts that can trigger catalytic reactions
Recently, a large number of nanomaterials with diversified to scavenge ROS, during the process the structures and
components and structures have been used in antioxidant components of these nanomaterials are not change, thus
therapy. In general, these nanomaterials can be divided conferring sustainable antioxidative effects. Typical
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into two main categories based on their functions in antioxidant nanocatalysts include CeO nanoparticles,
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2
antioxidant therapy (Figure 3). Prussian blue nanoparticles, and Mn O nanoparticles .
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4
3
For example, due to the abundant surface oxygen
2.1. Nanocarriers for delivering antioxidative vacancies and the coexistence of +3 and +4 valences, CeO
2
components nanoparticles can scavenge O and H O by reversibly
•−
2
2
2
The development of multiple drug delivery systems, such shifting between +3 and +4 valences of surface Ce ions,
as liposomes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), exhibiting SOD and catalase-like activities: 50-52
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metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles, and 3 4
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other nanocarriers, has provided feasible approaches O Ce 2 H HO Ce (IV)
2
2
2
to load antioxidative small molecules or enzymes and O Ce 4 O Ce (V)

3
deliver them to pathological sites. These nanocarriers 2 2
can be further modified with macromolecules such HO 2 Ce 2 H 2 H O 2 Ce (VI)
4

3
as polyethylene glycol (PEG) for improving their 2 2 2
monodispersity, colloidal stability, and biocompatibility HO 2 Ce 4 O 2 Ce 2 H (VII)
3

in physiological environments. 36,37 In addition, targeting 2 2 2
ligands can also be modified on the surface of nanocarriers Equations IV and V reveal the SOD-like activity of
to enable active-targeting properties facilitating their CeO , while Equations VI and VII indicate the catalase-
2
accumulation in pathological regions. The nanocarriers like activity of CeO . However, if a nanocatalyst only
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2
can protect inner antioxidants from the attack by external presents a SOD-like activity without catalase-like activity,
environments, thus improving therapeutic efficacy. In its antioxidative property needs to be further confirmed,
addition to natural antioxidases and FDA-approved small as the conversion from O to H O is a pro-oxidation
•−
2
2
2
molecule antioxidants, recently various polyphenols process. The catalytic kinetics and thermodynamics of
exacted from plants, especially edible plants and herbs, nanocatalysts can be further optimized to meet the specific
such as resveratrol and curcumin, have also been loaded requirements of antioxidant therapies, thus achieving
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in nanocarriers. 41,42 However, for inorganic nanocarriers desirable therapeutic outcomes. Proper surface engineering
such as MSNs, their biodegradability should be further and targeting modification of these nano-antioxidants
improved for guaranteeing high biocompatibility. 43,44 are also required to improve their biocompatibility and
enhance their accumulation at pathological sites.
2.2. Nanomaterials with intrinsic antioxidative
properties 3. Cardiovascular disease treatment
Various nanomaterials have been demonstrated to possess The high mortality of cardiovascular diseases worldwide
intrinsic antioxidative properties, some of them can act has been being a major challenge in modern medical field.
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Figure 3. Two main categories of nanomaterials for the construction of antioxidant nanomedicines.

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 4 doi: 10.36922/imo.2527