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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Antibody therapeutics in Alzheimer’s

tau interventions, encompassing passive immunization, Ethics approval and consent to participate
active vaccines, and aggregation inhibitors, suggests
that current drawbacks may soon be transformed into Not applicable.
research advantages, driving progress in this field. Future Consent for publication
directions may encompass personalized therapies, multi-
modal systems, advancements in gene editing, and Not applicable.
innovative tactics for BBB penetration. Longitudinal Availability of data
studies, biomarker identification, and considerations
of neuroinflammation and immune modulation will be Not applicable.
crucial. As the field advances, a patient-centric focus and
global collaboration for data sharing will be paramount References
for accelerating advancement in understanding and 1. Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease facts and
treating neurodegenerative disorders. figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18:700-789.
5. Conclusion doi: 10.1002/alz.12638
2. Panza F, Lozupone M, Seripa D, Imbimbo BP. Amyloid-β
The detrimental impact of tau phosphorylation on neurons immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease: Is it now a long shot?
underscores the urgent need for effective therapies targeting Ann Neurol. 2019;85(2):303-315.
this pathway. Antibody-based therapeutics, particularly
those utilizing VHH antibodies, hold immense promise for doi: 10.1002/ana.25415
future research and applications, due to their potential to 3. Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Mamun AA, et al. Combination drug
overcome BBB limitations. As research progresses, further therapy for the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol
investigation into VHH-based therapies and their efficacy Sci. 2020;21:3272.
in clinical trials will be crucial for developing successful doi: 10.3390/ijms21093272
antibody-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Wolfe MS. Probing mechanisms and therapeutic
The advancement of these therapies will pave the way for potential of γ-Secretase in Alzheimer’s disease. Molecules.
personalized treatment options and improved patient 2021;26(2):388.
outcomes.
doi: 10.3390/molecules26020388
Acknowledgments 5. Sagnou M, Mavroidi B, Kaminari A, Boukos N, Pelecanou M.
We would like to express our gratitude to ResearchBro Novel isatin thiosemicarbazone derivatives as potent
and team members for their valuable administrative inhibitors of β-Amyloid peptide aggregation and toxicity.
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11(16):2266-2276.
support during the writing process and their insightful
contributions during discussions. Their assistance has doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00364
been instrumental in the completion of this manuscript. 6. Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, et al. Alzheimer
disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7:33.
Funding
doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00304-9
None.
7. Roda AR, Montoliu-Gaya L, Serra-Mir G, Villegas S. Both
Conflict of interest amyloid-β peptide and tau protein are affected by an anti-
amyloid-β antibody fragment in elderly 3xtg-ad mice. Int J
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Mol Sci. 2020;21:6630.

Author contributions doi: 10.3390/ijms21010306
8. Busche MA, Hyman BT. The synergy between amyloid-β and
Conceptualization: Tolulope Gbayisomore Judah, Kingsley tau in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:1183-1193.
Iteire Afoke, Alex Gideon Sorlelodum
Data curation: Tolulope Gbayisomore Judah, Waliullahi doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00742-1
Opeyemi Odebode 9. Tolar M, Abushakra S, Hey JA, Porsteinsson A, Sabbagh M.
Writing – original draft: Tolulope Gbayisomore Judah, Aducanumab, gantenerumab, BAN2401, and ALZ-801 - the
Inibehe Okon Ime, Isunu Efe Lucky, Okikiola Falua first wave of amyloid-targeting drugs for Alzheimer’s disease
Oyindamola, Abdul-Hanan Saani with potential for near-term approval. Alzheimers Res Ther.
Writing – review & editing: Kingsley Iteire Afoke, Rufus 2020;12:95.
Oluwagbemileke Ajayi, Abdul-Hanan Saani doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00670-3

Volume 7 Issue 3 (2024) 5 doi: 10.36922/itps.2953