Page 47 - ITPS-7-3

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Medicinal plants: Natural diabetes remedies

compared to many other spices. In addition, cinnamon 5.6. Allium sativum
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contains polyphenols that exhibit anti-diabetic properties, The precursor of allium and garlic oil, S-allyl cysteine
such as regulating glucose levels and repairing pancreatic sulfoxide, has a higher level of molecular peroxidation
β-cells responsible for insulin production. 48 regulation than glibenclamide and hormone due to the
5.2. Momordica charantia L. presence of amino alkanoic acid. A study conducted in
2021 revealed that juice and oil extracts from A. sativum
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M. charantia L. has been used as an herbal medicine reduced blood glucose levels by restoring insulin secretion
for years due to its biological properties, such as anti- from the pancreas cells.
diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects. A study by
Oguntibeju on charantin-rich extract for T1DM and 5.7. Coriandrum sativum
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T2DM proved that charantin-rich extract increases plasma In a review by Paari and Pari, the stem and leaf extract
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glucose tolerance. It was suggested that charantin-rich of coriander demonstrated the ability to improve the
extract could improve insulin sensitivity in individuals antioxidant effects. Sobhani et al. found that the aqueous
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with T2DM, rather than protect patients with T1DM from extract of coriander seeds can normalize decreasing blood
β-cell abnormalities. 50 glucose levels and increase insulin production from β-cells
5.3. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels of pancreatic islets. Diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin
demonstrated reduced serum glucose levels and increased
The bark and the leaf extract of S. cumini have demonstrated insulin-releasing capacity of pancreatic islet β-cells when
the potential for significantly lowering blood glucose administered coriander seed ethanol extract (200 mg/kg
levels, as evidenced by the increased volume and size of the body weight). 60
pancreatic islets observed in the treated diabetic rats. In
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addition, the flavonoid-rich extract obtained from the seed 5.8. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
of S. cumini has been associated with increased insulin The fruit of A. marmelos is commonly used in various
sensitivity and a decrease in triglycerides and low-density traditional medicinal practices, such as laxatives and
lipoprotein (LDL) levels. 51 the treatment of dysentery, peptic ulcers, and chronic
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5.4. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. diarrhea. The Tripuri tribe of North East India
consumes the juice of this fruit daily on an empty
O. tenuiflorum, considered one of the holy and important stomach to treat gastrointestinal issues. The leaf
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medicinal herbs for diabetes treatment, has demonstrated paste is also used to treat high malaria fever. In a study
that the oil extracted from its leaves significantly lowers where A. marmelos fruit extract was administered
blood glucose levels while concurrently increasing orally, twice daily for 4 weeks, at a dose of 250 mg/
insulin levels. Over an 8-week period, oral treatment kg body weight, a significant reduction in blood
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of Ocimum sanctum aqueous extract in conjunction sugar levels was observed in streptozotocin-induced
with diet significantly lowered serum lipid profiles, lipid diabetic Wistar rats. In a complementary study, the
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peroxidation, and fasting blood glucose levels, while also water-soluble fruit extract was found to protect the
improving glucose tolerance. Studies in rats found that pancreatic system by partially reversing the damage
ethanol, butanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate fractions caused to pancreatic islets by streptozotocin. It was
of Ocimum sanctum induced insulin secretion from the discovered that rats with mild diabetes and sub-
impaired rat pancreas and isolated rat islets, as well as from diabetes demonstrated enhanced glucose tolerance.
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clonal pancreatic β-cells. 53 A. marmelos water-soluble fruit extract has been
shown to restore the function of pancreatic β-cells
5.5. Zingiber officinale Roscoe and enhance insulin sensitivity by upregulating

Z. officinale, commonly known as ginger, is considered one peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ)
of the most common species with several health benefits. expression. 65
Ginger rhizomes have been traditionally used to treat
diabetes, fever, toothache, and muscular aches. According 5.9. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng
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to Gayar et al., taking a supplement of powdered ginger In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Murraya koenigii
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3 times a day for 3 months can improve glycemic index has been shown to significantly affect postprandial
and antioxidant activity in T2DM. In addition, a similar blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity through
study by Ebrahimzadeh et al. found that taking a ginger koenidine, a metabolically stable alkaloid. Insulin-
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supplement twice a day can decrease insulin levels without resistant mice resulting from dexamethasone treatment
any significant changes in fasting plasma glucose. showed improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose

Volume 7 Issue 3 (2024) 7 doi: 10.36922/itps.1885