Page 32 - ITPS-8-1

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Transcriptome-based RNA sequencing

and immunological function. The pathological foundation with DNA sequences and genetic variants. Combining
of RA is synovitis, and a variety of inflammatory responses these disparate omics datasets can enable researchers to
have been observed in the synoviums of patients with RA obtain a more detailed knowledge of intricate biological
(the soft tissue lining the interior of joints, tendon sheaths, processes and illnesses such as RA. A more comprehensive
and bursae is known as the synovium, also known as the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying
synovial membrane or stratum synoviale). By suppressing the pathophysiology of RA is possible through integration,
JAK2 and STAT1, RA can be treated by activating T and B which enables the investigation of interactions and
cells and preventing the production of cytokines. 74 correlations between genes, proteins, metabolites, and
The pathogenic process of RA is intimately associated epigenetic variables. 79,80 RA is a mixed disease involving
with the MAPK signaling system. The most significant numerous biological processes, including inflammation
member of the MAPK family, P38 MAPK, is activated in dysregulation and tissue damage. Multiomics approaches
endogenous immune cells and can thicken the synovium, allow an in-depth overview of the molecular landscape
activate transcription factors, and significantly increase by continuously analyzing multiple biological layers of
the production of inflammatory chemokines. It may also bio information such as transcriptomics and genomics.
contribute to T-cell differentiation and prevent cell death. RA exhibits a diverse clinical presentation and response
Angiogenesis, proliferation, metabolism, and cell survival to treatment. Mutiomics data help identify molecular
are all regulated by the PI3K-AKT pathway, an intracellular subtypes or clusters within patients, which helps in the
mechanism that has been associated with the onset and treatment of particular individuals. Multiomics data
progression of RA. The pathophysiology of RA is aided by help interconnect molecular pathways and networks and
the abnormal activation of this pathway, which increases identify signaling pathways driving disease progression.
the production of inflammatory chemicals and cytokines. 75 Multiomics helps discover and develop new therapeutic
agents for patients with RA. Researchers can repurpose
In the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the mammalian target
of rapamycin (mTOR) suppresses autophagy, encourages current medications with established effects on relevant
molecular pathways and prioritize prospective targets for
aberrant synovial cell proliferation, and is essential
for osteoclast survival and differentiation, all of which therapeutic development by identifying molecular targets
81,82
exacerbate RA. SYK and BTK are two important molecules and pathways implicated in the disease etiology.
involved in B-cell receptor signaling, whose dysregulation 8. Benefits, limitations, and significant
has been linked to the etiology of RA. Phosphorylated SYK
and BTK are expressed at higher levels in peripheral B cells advances of the technique
in patients with RA, which is associated with the formation Several simple and complex diseases are poorly
of autoantibodies. Regarding the treatment for autoimmune understood; hence, the analysis of their transcriptome
conditions such as RA, BTK is a desirable target. 75 is a vital method to investigate various diseases such
By controlling bone metabolism and synovial as RA. Next-generation RNA-seq is a high-throughput
inflammation, the Wnt signaling pathway is essential in the method for the characterization of gene expression levels.
pathophysiology of RA. Studies have demonstrated that the Therefore, the use of RNA-seq in RA research has several
inhibition of NAV2 expression stops the development of benefits. This method can detect all RNA transcripts
RA and reverses phenotypes associated with inflammation, irrespective of the genes known or presently unknown,
making it a prospective target for RA therapy. 74,75 which provides a better view of the gene changes occurring
in RA. RNA-seq provides precise and quantitative
7. Integration of multiomics data to clarify readouts of gene expression, therefore making it possible
the molecular mechanisms underlying RA to capture differences in gene expression kinetics. It can
also capture cases of alternative splicing, which results in
The term “multiomics data” describes the synthesis of the production of different proteins that are functionally
several types of molecular data from different omics different. RNA-seq can also identify unidentified RNA
technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, forms, for instance, ln cRNA and miRNA, which are
metabolomics, and epigenomics. 76-78 Every omics technique responsible for the regulation of gene expressions. RNA-
provides a limited perspective on the various facets of seq data obtained from RA samples can be combined with
biological systems. Proteomics investigates proteins and other omics data, including genomics and proteomics data,
their alterations, metabolomics explores small molecule to further investigate the pathogenesis of RA.
metabolites, transcriptomics examines gene expression
levels, and epigenomics investigates epigenetic changes that Nevertheless, at the same time, there are some limitations
control gene expression. Genomics is primarily concerned to using RNA-seq. For instance, when performing large-

Volume 8 Issue 1 (2025) 26 doi: 10.36922/itps.4449