Page 97 - ITPS-8-2

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Transformative natural product-drug combinations

Figure 3. Antibacterial activities of prepared samples against resistant Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus
spp. Image reproduced with permission from Gideon and Ladan. 30
carried out to investigate the transformations in both the of co-trimoxazole with clove extract (Scl), a two-stage
phytoconstituents and the antibiotic that contributed to the combination of aspirin and clove extract (Ac2), and a two-
observed synergistic activity. The clear inhibition zones in stage combination of aspirin and guava extract (Ag2) were
Figure 3 primarily represent the acid-treated plant extract all effective against the resistant isolates of Salmonella spp.
combined with the antibiotics. The antibacterial activity optimization of aqueous leaf
The GC-MS analysis revealed 53 phytoconstituents, of extract of P. guajava against resistant clinical isolates of
which 18 were known for their biological activity, as shown S. aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. was
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in Table 2. Three of these constituents – farnesol, 4-amino- carried out by Gideon. He added 4 mL of guava extract to
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1-pentanol, and an imidazole derivative resembling 4 mL of aspirin solution, boiled the mixture in a water bath,
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the drug ribavirin 37,38 – were reported to have anticancer then added 0.4 mL of sodium hydroxide and continued
properties. boil for 5 min. A fresh 2 mL portion of guava extract was
added, followed by 0.3 mL of sulfuric acid, and the mixture
Further exploration can involve reactions between was boiled for another 10 min before centrifugation. The
non-bioactive constituents from different plant extracts, antimicrobial activity is shown in Figure 4.
the bioactive constituents of one plant combined with the
non-bioactive constituents of another, chloroform extracts The ATR-FTIR analysis revealed significant
of various plants, or isolated compounds with n-hexane findings regarding the interaction between aspirin and
extracts. Multiple combinatorial reactions can be designed P. guajava. From the ATR-FTIR results depicted in
and carried out based on predicted outcomes. Figure 5 and Table 3, new peaks emerged in the combined
product, including 3,235.3 cm (O-H stretching from
-1
2.3. Strategy 3 guava extract), 2,918.5 cm (C-H stretching, alkanes from
-1
-1
This strategy involves initiating a reaction between a guava extract), 2,105.9 cm (C5. stretching, alkynes from
plant extract and a drug not originally intended for aspirin solution), 1,455.7 cm-1 (C-H bending, alkanes from
-1
treating the disease of interest, or any reagent suspected to guava extract), 1,748.1 cm (C=O stretching, esters from
-1
possess good structural functionality that might enhance aspirin solution), 1,677.3 cm (C=C stretching, alkenes
from aspirin solution), 1,602.8 cm (C=C stretching,
-1
antimicrobial activities. Various methods can be employed aromatics from aspirin solution), and 1,453.7 cm (C-H
-1
while modifying the reaction conditions.
bending, alkanes from aspirin solution). These changes in
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Gideon et al. developed a regimen by making 24 peak positions and transmittance levels suggest significant
different combinations of guava leaves and clove aqueous structural modifications, with reduced transmittance
extracts with aspirin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole, indicating higher concentrations of compounds with
each underwent different reaction stages. Antimicrobial specific functional groups. The combined presence
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susceptibility tests revealed that a single-stage combination of peaks from both guava extract and aspirin solution
Volume 8 Issue 2 (2025) 91 doi: 10.36922/itps.4068