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INNOSC Theranostics

and Pharmacological Sciences

REVIEW ARTICLE
Precision medicine and beyond: Evolving roles

of targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and
artificial intelligence in oncology

†
†
†
Linwei Li, Anika Doppalapudi , Jennifer Escamilla , Annu Karithara ,
†
†
Christine Pham , Angel Phillip , Anjali Binoy, Sriya Gullapalli, Lois Baldado,
Arjun Bellamkonda, Daniela Gonzalez, Amin Ibrahim, Daniela Ramos,
David Sta. Maria, Kaitlyn Ybanez, Hugo Zamarron, and Shizue Mito*
Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley,
Edinburg, Texas, United States of America

Abstract

Precision medicine in oncology is an evolving therapeutic approach that leverages
genetic, clinical, and biomarker data to tailor treatments to individual patients.
This review explores the three core pillars of modern precision oncology: targeted
therapy, immunotherapy, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical
† These authors contributed equally
to this work. practice. Targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug
conjugates, selectively inhibit molecular pathways involved in tumor growth. While
*Corresponding author: conventional chemotherapy remains the backbone of treatment and has improved
Shizue Mito
(shizue.mito@utrgv.edu) remission rates, its cytotoxic nature limits broader applicability and increases the
risk of comorbidities. Immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors
Citation: Li L, Doppalapudi A,
Escamilla J, et al. Precision medicine and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, have transformed treatment for
and beyond: Evolving roles of hematologic malignancies and are now being adapted for solid tumors such as
targeted therapy, immunotherapy, colorectal, pancreatic, and hepatocellular carcinomas through novel combination
and artificial intelligence in
oncology. INNOSC Theranostics regimens. This review also highlights the therapeutic potential of modulating the
and Pharmacological Sciences. tumor microenvironment and introduces emerging modalities such as neoantigen
2025;8(3):35-58. vaccines and microRNA-based therapies. Furthermore, we outline the expanding
doi: 10.36922/ITPS025140018
role of AI in enhancing cancer diagnosis, drug development, and clinical decision-
Received: April 1, 2025 making. By integrating computational tools with molecular therapies, precision
Revised: June 18, 2025 medicine rapidly advances toward individualized data-driven care. This review
provides an overview of established therapies in the current clinical practice,
Accepted: June 30, 2025
novel regimens, and emerging AI technologies. Despite ongoing challenges, such
Published online: July 30, 2025 as resistance and toxicity, precision medicine demonstrates significant promise in
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). improving oncologic outcomes and transforming cancer care.
This is an Open-Access article
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution Keywords: Precision medicine; Targeted therapy; Immunotherapy; Artificial intelligence;
License, permitting distribution, Cancer treatment; Oncology
and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is
properly cited.
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with 1. Introduction
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Precision medicine is a medical approach focused on patient stratification using large-scale
affiliations. data, including clinical, lifestyle, genetic, and biomarker information, thus going beyond

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 35 doi: 10.36922/ITPS025140018