Page 92 - JCAU-6-1

Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Urban regeneration market mechanism research

initiatives, government-enterprise cooperation, market-led city’s ecological environment, image, and style, and the
approaches, residents’ initiatives, as well as their various optimization of facilities had become the focus of urban
combinations. Furthermore, governance structure and regeneration during this period. The old factories, such
benefit distribution are the core issues of urban regeneration. as the 798 Art Zone, have gradually gathered cultural and
In different economic and social backgrounds and different creative industries. Therefore, while the government and
types of regeneration projects, different governance market entities were carrying out the transformation of
structures are required. Benefit distribution is an important urban villages, they were also trying to implant cultural
factor in promoting the formation of cooperation in various and creative industries in spaces such as Hutong courtyards
governance structures. The foundation and the balance of and old factory buildings, emphasizing the optimization of
interests are the core of the sustainable advancement of industrial functions while emphasizing the improvement
urban regeneration. of the quality of the physical environment (Bian, 2016).
In 2017, the “Beijing Urban Master Plan (2016 – 2035)”
2.2. Urban regeneration in Beijing clearly put forward the development requirements of
Beijing’s urban regeneration process is closely related “reducing scale and improving quality.” Under the call
to the evolution of economic and social development, of the government, municipal and district state-owned
urban planning and construction, and spatial governance, enterprises gradually explore urban regeneration pilot
and has gone through four main stages and presents projects, taking the lead in relieving traditional industries
a developmental process from government-led, and implanting new industries such as technology
government-enterprise cooperation to multi-coordination research and development, carrying out regeneration of
among government, enterprises, and society. From 1949 to old communities and construction of green parks, and
1978, from the founding of New China to the reform and implementing regeneration and protection of historical
opening-up, Beijing’s urban regeneration showed a strong blocks and their operation and utilization. At the same
political orientation and adhered to the goal of “building a time, relevant planners and other practical explorations
socialist capital with Tiananmen Square as the center and have expanded the channels for public participation and
following the new planning” in renovating the old city (Liu, intensively introduced a series of special urban regeneration
2012). During this period, modern enterprises and market- institution systems, providing a certain foundation for the
oriented economic systems had not yet been established, in-depth implementation of Beijing’s urban regeneration
and urban regeneration and construction activities were actions (Wang & Chen, 2021; Ge & Li, 2022).
planned and implemented by the government. State- Compared with megacities such as Guangzhou,
owned factories, unit compounds, and office functions of Shenzhen, and Shanghai, there are relatively few studies
government departments were rapidly constructed during on urban regeneration governance in Beijing (Zhou et al.,
this period on state-owned allocation land (Tang & Zhang, 2021). Zhang & Fang (2002) believe that in the process of
2021). From 1978 to 2007, the reform and opening-up large-scale demolition and reconstruction in Beijing, local
brought about the rapid development of China’s economy, state-owned enterprises developed from welfare-oriented
and the rapid expansion of Beijing’s urban area resulted in government branches to profit-oriented developers
a surging development of old cities. At the same time, with and formed growth alliances with local governments,
the beginning of paid use of land and the end of the welfare accumulating at the expense of providing enough living
housing allocation institution, the real estate market has and working places for residents. Zhang et al. (2016)
gradually thrived. In addition, the modern enterprise discovered that in the process of urban regeneration in
system was gradually established based on expanding the Jiuxianqiao, Chaoyang District, the government-enterprise
enterprises’ autonomy, local and foreign-funded private alliance transformed into a government-society alliance.
real estate enterprises achieved rapid development, Since 2017, Beijing’s urban regeneration has entered a new
and state-owned enterprises that originally focused on stage of transformation with the characteristic of reduction
manufacturing also developed real estate businesses one orientation and historical protection requirements, and
after another. The main way of urban regeneration in thus, the method that stimulates urban regeneration and
Beijing during this period was promoted by real estate balances renovation funds by increasing development
developers, demolishing the original dilapidated buildings capacity is not applicable anymore. In addition, the different
and constructing high-rise residences (Liu & Lin, 2018; levels of central and municipal governments, the different
Hyun, 2009). The preparation for the 2008 Beijing Summer types of administrative departments, public institutions,
Olympics was a significant turning point in Beijing’s urban the military, and enterprises, as well as the different holding
construction and development. Under the guidance of methods such as self-owned, shared, collective, and mixed,
the goal of “Humanistic Beijing,” the improvement of the have resulted in a complex structure of property rights

Volume 6 Issue 1 (2024) 4 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.0885