Page 105 - JCTR-11-2

Journal of Clinical and
Translational Research Review of research landscapes and quality

Sampling and sample types are also important in the taking into account the study design constraints and any
credibility domain. The sample of the participants should limitations encountered throughout the research process.
consist of the appropriate group from the population for
the research, as they represent the population to which the 3. Data analysis
results could later be generalized. However, in causal or The principal investigator (B.H.C) bears the overall
experimental research, comparability between groups in responsibility for the compilation, maintenance, and
research takes precedence over representativeness because management of the review database. The database is
confounding or prognostic factors between groups result stored on a password-protected computer and shared on a
in valid outcomes related to the exposure. university server repository on completion.
Quantitative research is essentially about Every eligible and included journal article will
measurements, measuring tools, and the measurement be assessed according to two main areas – research
process. The measurement of variables is to be performed characteristics and quality of the research. The dataset will
using validated tools through a standardized process, and be checked for any missing data and errors. The data will
if necessary, by trained and blinded assessors. Any query then be reported descriptively; frequency and percentage
or suspicion on the methods of measurement in research for categorical data; mean and standard deviation (median
will result in internal non-validity. and interquartile range) for normally distributed (and
Credible research provides an appropriate and rational not normally distributed) continuous data. Time series
sample size estimation based on the research question and plots will be used to investigate the trends and patterns
its primary objective, as well as previous research within of research characteristics, health conditions, and quality
the same discipline. Adequate sample size is required for of research over the years. The geographic information
sufficient precision in research. The achievement or non- system may also be plotted to evaluate the locations and
achievement of the desired sample size should be reported areas of research conducted. Longitudinal trends in certain
or justified and discussed accordingly. research characteristics, health conditions, or research
areas across different settings and clinical or biomedical
2.5.3. Usefulness disciplines will be explored.
Credible research warrants attention due to the value of Associations between research characteristics and
its results. The usefulness of research results lies in their quality will be explored, and the independent effect
importance, the provision of meaningful estimates, and of each determinant will be quantified using multiple
the fair conclusion supported by the research design. linear regression analysis. In addition, research quality,

Important outcomes are of high priority and concern to as a categorical outcome, will be analyzed in tertiles. The
the end-users. These generally refer to the hard outcomes, highest tertile will be compared to the lowest tertile, and
strong correlates, or intermediate markers to the research the determinants will be assessed using multiple logistic
exposure, including condition diagnoses and surrogates regression. Longitudinal trends in research quality will
(blood or serum markers). be explored, where a calculated 95% confidence interval
and two-sided α of 0.05 will be used to test significance.
Research results are meaningful when they are easily Model checking will be conducted to get the best and
understood in the context of clinical practice or the daily most parsimonious final model that meets statistical
lives of patients. Meaningful estimates are usually the assumptions. Estimates will be generated using PASW 25.0
direct results of the study, such as the actual numbers of (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, United States of
occurrences, incidence and prevalence rates, and risk America) and MLwiN version 3.02 (Centre for Multilevel
ratios. Indirect outcome measures, such as plasma glucose Modeling, University of Bristol, UK).
excursion, and transformed estimates, such as standardized
or the logarithmic form of a unit of measurement, require 4. Discussion
a reverse transformation of the units for better clarity. Analytical results obtained will be informative to all
Otherwise, they could complicate the translation and stakeholders of clinical and biomedical research regarding
interpretation of results. the evolution of research conduct and performance from
The conclusion of a research serves as a crucial the past to the present. Research profiles throughout the
complement to the readers’ own judgment. As the final past decades may be studied in relation to socioeconomic,
interpretation and remarks provided by the authors and political, or policy changes in specific years. The
investigators of the research, it is essential to present the longitudinal and prospective trends in the research profiles,
results within the appropriate context and applicability, research quality, and the association between them could

Volume 11 Issue 2 (2025) 99 doi: 10.36922/jctr.24.00071