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Microbes & Immunity Pulmonary immunity: Pathogens versus protectors

Figure 1. Flow chart of article screening
Abbreviation: ERIC: Education Resources Information Center.

Table 1. Key indicators used in the present review to evaluate core competencies in pulmonary immune responses

Results Categories Items Example quotes References
Enhanced understanding Immune response Cytokine signaling, macrophage “Cytokine storms play a pivotal role in 43-45
of immune mechanisms pathways activation, and T-cell differentiation. severe pulmonary infections.”
Identification of novel Biomarker discovery Protein markers, genetic signatures, “Elevated levels of protein X correlate 46-48
biomarkers and metabolic indicators. with disease severity in patients.”
Development of targeted Therapeutic innovations Monoclonal antibodies, “Monoclonal antibody Y shows promise 49-51
therapies immunomodulators, and gene in reducing viral load in preclinical
therapies. models.”
Role of microbiota in Microbiome-immune Gut–lung axis, microbial diversity, and “The gut–lung axis modulates 52-54
immunity interactions probiotic interventions. immune responses to respiratory
pathogens.”
Pathogens’ immune Pathogen adaptations Antigenic variation, immune “Pathogen X evades detection by 28,55,56
evasion strategies suppression, and biofilm formation. altering surface proteins.”
Protective host factors Host defense Innate and adaptive immunity, and “Epithelial cells act as the first line of 57,58
mechanisms epithelial barrier function. defense against invading pathogens.”
Impact of environmental Environmental Air pollution, climate change, and “Exposure to particulate matter 59,60
factors influences occupational exposures. exacerbates pulmonary inflammation.”
Advances in diagnostic Diagnostic technologies Artificial intelligence-based diagnostics, “Artificial intelligence algorithms 61,62
tools rapid testing, and imaging techniques. improve early detection of pulmonary
infections.”
Vaccine development Vaccination strategies mRNA vaccines, adjuvants, and “mRNA vaccines induce robust 63,64
progress mucosal vaccines. immune responses in the respiratory
tract.”
Cross-species immune Comparative Animal models, evolutionary “Comparative studies reveal 65,66
comparisons immunology adaptations, and zoonotic infections. conserved immune pathways across
species.”

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2025) 29 doi: 10.36922/MI025100019