Page 32 - MI-2-4

Microbes & Immunity Infectious agents and autoimmune diseases

causation. Viruses. 2012;4(12):3701-3730. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro754
doi: 10.3390/v4123701 26. Domingues TD, Malato J, Grabowska AD, et al. Association
analysis between symptomology and herpesvirus IgG
15. Sher EK, Ćosović A, Džidić-Krivić A, Farhat EK, Pinjić E,
Sher F. Covid-19 a triggering factor of autoimmune and antibody concentrations in myalgic encephalomyelitis/
multi-inflammatory diseases. Life Sci. 2023;319:121531. chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and multiple sclerosis.
Heliyon. 2023;9(7):e18250.
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121531
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18250
16. Vellozzi C, Iqbal S, Broder K. Guillain-Barre syndrome,
influenza, and influenza vaccination: The epidemiologic 27. Libbey JE, Cusick MF, Fujinami RS. Role of pathogens in
evidence. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1149-1155. multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Immunol. 2014;33:266-283.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu005 doi: 10.3109/08830185.2013.823422
17. Polykretis P, Donzelli A, Lindsay JC, et al. Autoimmune 28. Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, Van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré
inflammatory reactions triggered by the COVID-19 genetic syndrome. Lancet. 2016;388(10045):717-727.
vaccines in terminally differentiated tissues. Autoimmunity. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00339-1
2023;56(1):2259123.
29. Maślińska M. The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection
doi: 10.1080/08916934.2023.2259123 in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol.
18. Rojas M, Herrán M, Ramírez-Santana C, et al. Molecular 2019;31(5):475-483.
mimicry and autoimmunity in the time of COVID-19. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000622
J Autoimmun. 2023;139:103070.
30. Wang Y, Dou H, Liu G, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection
doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103070 and the risk of Sjögren or sicca syndrome: A meta-analysis.
19. Cardoso F. Sydenham’s chorea. Curr Treat Options Neurol. Microbiol Immunol. 2014;58:675-687.
2008;10:230-5. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12202
doi: 10.1007/s11940-008-0025-x 31. Battistini C, Ballan R, Herkenhoff ME, Saad SM, Sun J.
20. Bonthius DJ, Karacay B. Sydenham’s chorea: Not gone and Vitamin D modulates intestinal microbiota in inflammatory
not forgotten. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2003;10:11-19. bowel diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(1):362.
doi: 10.1016/S1071-9091(02)00004-9 doi: 10.3390/ijms22010362
21. Van Toorn R, Weyers HH, Schoeman JF. Distinguishing 32. Shim CH, Cho S, Shin YM, Choi JM. Emerging role of
PANDAS from Sydenham’s chorea: Case report and review bystander T cell activation in autoimmune diseases. BMB
of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2004;8:211-216. Rep. 2022;55(2):57-64.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2004.03.005 doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2022.55.2.183
22. Axelrad JE, Cadwell KH, Colombel JF, Shah SC. The role 33. Fujinami RS, Von Herrath MG, Christen U, Whitton JL.
of gastrointestinal pathogens in inflammatory bowel Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral
disease: A systematic review. Ther Adv Gastroenter. persistence: Infections and autoimmune disease. Clin
2021;14:17562848211004493. Microbiol Rev. 2006;19(1):80-94.
doi: 10.1177/17562848211004493 doi: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.80-94.2006
23. Wang M, Wu L, Weng R, Zheng W, Wu Z, Lv Z. Therapeutic 34. Frazer IH. Autoimmunity and persistent viral infection: Two
potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: Helminth- sides of the same coin? J Autoimmun. 2008;31(3):216-218.
derived immune-regulators and immune balance. Parasitol doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.014
Res. 2017;116:2065-2074.
35. Smatti MK, Cyprian FS, Nasrallah GK, Al Thani AA,
doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5544-5 Almishal RO, Yassine HM. Viruses and autoimmunity:
24. Shukla SK, Govind Singh G, Ahmad S, Pant P. Infections, A review on the potential interaction and molecular
genetic and environmental factors in pathogenesis mechanisms. Viruses. 2019;11(8):762.
of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Microb Pathog. doi: 10.3390/v11080762
2018;116:279-288.
36. Oldstone MBA. Molecular mimicry, microbial infection, and
doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.004
autoimmune disease: Evolution of the concept, in molecular
25. Von Herrath M, Fujinami R, Whitton J. Microorganisms mimicry: Infection-inducing autoimmune disease. In:
and autoimmunity: Making the barren field fertile? Nat Rev Oldstone, MBA, editor. Current Topics in Microbiology and
Microbiol. 2003;1:151-157. Immunology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005. p. 296.

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2025) 24 doi: 10.36922/MI025100017