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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing High-performance materials in AM

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the experimental framework .
[34]

technology are currently limited by the range of polymers
available and researchers are expanding their database
of raw materials to continue exploring their potential
applications in industry [37,38] .
Another category within the PBF technique comprises
the SLM technique and the EBM technique. These two
[39]
techniques are suitable for most types of metal powders .
The heat source for SLM technology is a laser, while the
heat source for EBM technology is an electron beam .
[40]
Figure 7 illustrates the basic working principle and
structure of SLM technology by presenting a schematic of
the working process of SLM technology.
Figure 6. Schematic representation of the market share held by different The EBM technology has a larger scanning beam
technologies in the metal additives manufacturing segment in 2019 . diameter and a faster scanning rate, allowing for the rapid
[17]
construction of larger volumes and the processing of
the name suggests, is a technique in which various parts thicker powder layers compared with the SLM technology.
of the powder laid on a bed are heated by different heat At the same time, the EBM technique produces products
sources to sinter or melt the powder and then solidified with better fineness and surface roughness compared to
to form a 3D structure [35] . the SLM technique [41,42] .
Over time, four derivatives of PBF technology have Both techniques are currently attracting significant
been developed to suit different raw materials and heat interest in the academic circles, for their complex thermal
sources for applications; these are selective laser sintering processes during processing and their eventual impact
(SLS), selective laser melting (SLM) , electron beam on the microstructure of the finished product . In fields
[36]
[43]
melting (EBM) and multi jet fusion (MJF). such as aerospace, medical, and military defense, these
[37]
These four technologies are different in their two technologies have been more widely researched
technicalities and use different raw material form. For and applied due to their suitability for finished complex
thermoplastics, SLS and MJF are used . Of these, SLS is structures and the ability to rapidly prepare prototype
[37]
[44]
by far the most established PBF technology for polymers . products .
[38]
The main difference between SLS and MJF lies in the heat The extensive development of LPBF is matched by the
source, with the SLS technology using a laser for powder ongoing development of targeted and applicable alloys
sintering and the MJF technology using an infrared (IR) to raise the application value of this technology. For
lamp to activate the solidification process. Both types of instance, by adding Ti, Cr, and Fe to the Al-Cu alloy, a

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023) 5 https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.1587