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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Mouthguards: Disinfection versus properties changes

Based on the obtained results, the most suitable material References
combination for additive manufacturing of mouthguards 1. Zaman I, Rozlan SAM, Manshoor B, Ngali MZ, Khalid A,
is HIPS–TPU–HIPS, which achieved ~35% improvement Amin NAM. Study of mouthguard design for endurance and
in the evaluated mechanical properties. This conclusion is air-flow intake. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2017;226:012007.
supported by evidence showing that this multi-material
configuration more effectively reduces, dissipates, and doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/226/1/012007
redistributes impact energy. 2. Singarapu R, Panneerselvam E, Balasubramaniam S,
Nakkeeran KP, Ramanathan M, Raja VBK. The role of
Acknowledgments mouthguards in preventing temporomandibular joint
injuries during contact sports: A prospective study. Front
The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Dent. 2023;20:12.
Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para
a Ciência e a Tecnologia [FCT]) through the Research doi: 10.18502/fid.v20i12.12661
Centre CEMMPRE, under project UIDB/00285. 3. Lieger O, Von Arx T. Orofacial/cerebral injuries and the
use of mouthguards by professional athletes in Switzerland.
Funding Dent Traumatol. 2006;22(1):1-6.
Joana F. Henriques and Ana M. Sousa acknowledge doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2006.00328.x
financial support from FCT, Portugal, through the 4. Knapik JJ, Marshall SW, Lee RB, et al. Mouthguards in sport
PhD grants 2023.00752.BD and UI/BD/150913/2020, activities: History, physical properties and injury prevention
respectively. effectiveness. Sports Med. 2007;37(2):117-144.
Conflicts of interest doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737020-00003
5. ASTM. ASTM F697-16. Standard Practice for Care and Use
Ana P. Piedade serves as the Editorial Board Member of the of Athletic Mouth Protectors. Available from: https://store.
journal but did not in any way involved in the editorial and astm.org/f0697-16.html [Last accessed on 2025 Mar 14].
peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or
indirectly. Other authors declare they have no competing 6. Green JI. The role of mouthguards in preventing and reducing
sports-related trauma? Prim Dent J. 2017;6(2):27-34.
interests.
doi: 10.1308/205016817821281738
Authors’ contributions 7. Mantri SS, Mantri SP, Deogade S, Bhasin AS. Intra-oral

Conceptualization: Ana M. Sousa mouth-guard in sport related Oro-facial injuries: Prevention
Formal analysis: Leonor Bispo, Joana F. Henriques is better than cure! J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8:299-302.
Funding acquisition: Ana P. Piedade, Ana M. Sousa doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/6470.3872
Investigation: Leonor Bispo, Joana F. Henriques 8. ADA Council on Access, Prevention and Interprofessional
Methodology: Leonor Bispo Relations, ADA Council on Scientific Affairs. Using
Project administration: Ana P. Piedade, Ana M. Sousa mouthguards to reduce the incidence and severity of sports-
Resources: Ana P. Piedade related oral injuries. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(12):1712-
Supervision: Ana P. Piedade, Ana M. Sousa 1720; quiz 1731.
Validation: Ana P. Piedade, Ana M. Sousa doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0118
Visualization: Leonor Bispo
Writing – original draft: Leonor Bispo, Joana F. Henriques 9. Parker K, Marlow B, Patel N, Gill DS. A review of
Writing – review and editing: Leonor Bispo, Joana F. mouthguards: Effectiveness, types, characteristics and
indications for use. Br Dent J. 2017;222(8):629-633.
Henriques, Ana P. Piedade, Ana M. Sousa
doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.365
Ethics approval and consent to participate 10. Guérard S, Barou JL, Petit J, Poisson P. Characterization
Not applicable. of mouthguards: Impact performance. Dent Traumatol.
2017;33(4):281-287.
Consent for publication doi: 10.1111/edt.12329
Not applicable. 11. Sousa AM, Pinho AC, Piedade AP. Mechanical properties
of 3D printed mouthguards: Influence of layer height and
Availability of data device thickness. Mater Des. 2021;203:109624.
Data supporting this study are included within the article. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109624

Volume 4 Issue 2 (2025) 13 doi: 10.36922/MSAM025130018