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REVIEW ARTICLE
Organoid research: Theory, technology, and

therapeutics

Long Bai 1,2,3† , Yingying Jing 1,2† , Rui L. Reis * , Shawn Chen 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 * , Jiacan Su 1,2,14 * ,
4,5
and Changsheng Liu 1,15 *
1 Organoid Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
2 National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
3 Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
4 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Portugal
5 ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
6 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
7 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
8 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
9 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
10 Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
11 Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
12 Theranostics Center of Excellence, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
13 Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
14 Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
15 Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of
Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
*Corresponding authors: Rui L. Reis (rgreis@i3bs.uminho.pt); Shawn Chen (chen.shawn@nus.edu.sg);
Jiacan Su (drsujiacan@163.com); Changsheng Liu (liucs@ecust.edu.cn)

Citation: Bai L, Jing Y, Reis RL, Chen Abstract
S, Su J, Liu C. Organoid research:
Theory, technology, and therapeutics.
Organoid Res. 2025;1(1):025040007. Organoids are 3D cellular constructs formed through in vitro assembly and stem
doi: 10.36922/OR025040007 cell self-organization, recapitulating key features of human tissues with physiological
relevance far exceeding traditional 2D cultures and animal models. Their ability to
Received: January 24, 2025
mimic tissue-specific architecture, cellular diversity, and functional dynamics has
Revised: February 20, 2025 driven transformative advances in biomedical research, spanning disease modeling,
Accepted: February 26, 2025 drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. In recent years, significant progress in
organoid technology has been achieved, driven by innovations such as organoid
Published online: March 24, 2025
bioprinting, highlighting the need for a dedicated academic platform. In response, we
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). established Organoid Research, a journal committed to advancing this rapidly evolving
This is an Open Access article
distributed under the terms of the field through the publication of high-impact research. In this inaugural perspective
Creative Commons Attribution article, we provide a comprehensive overview of future trends in organoid research,
License, permitting distribution, and emphasizing the integration of materiobiology-driven organoid construction and
reproduction in any medium, which
provided that the original work is emerging technologies, such as 3D bioprinting, artificial intelligence, and assembloid
properly cited. technologies. We also explore the translational potential of organoids in personalized
Publisher’s Note: AccScience medicine, focusing on their therapeutic applications. This perspective emphasizes
Publishing remains neutral with regard the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the clinical translation
to jurisdictional claims in published and widespread application of organoids.
maps and institutional affiliations.
Keywords: Organoids; Trends; Theory; Technology; Therapeutics

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025) 1 doi: 10.36922/OR025040007