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organoid research adheres to ethical standards while Funding
also promoting innovation. Regulatory bodies should This work was financially supported by the National
work with the scientific community to develop policies Natural Science Foundation of China (32471396, 82427809,
that address issues such as genetic modification, patient 82230071), the Shanghai Committee of Science and
consent, and the use of human cells in organoid models. Technology (23141900600, Laboratory Animal Research
International collaboration will be essential to ensure that Project), and the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship
ethical guidelines are consistent and protect patients’ rights Program by China Association for Science and Technology
while fostering the responsible use of organoids in medical (YESS20230049).
applications.
Conflict of interest
6.5. Immunological challenges of organoid therapies
Rui L. Reis, Shawn Chen, Jiacan Su, and Changsheng Liu
One of the key hurdles to using organoids in regenerative are Editorial Board Members of this journal but were not in
medicine and transplantation is the immune response. any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process
When organoids are derived from stem cells or genetically conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately,
modified, there may be a risk of immune rejection when other authors declared that they have no known competing
transplanted into patients. Furthermore, organoid financial interests or personal relationships that could have
148
models for disease modeling often do not fully incorporate influenced the work reported in this paper.
immune cell types or their interactions, which limits their
ability to model immune-related diseases accurately. Author contributions
149
To overcome immunological barriers, researchers are Conceptualization: Long Bai, Yingying Jing
exploring methods to induce immune tolerance or Writing–original draft: Long Bai, Yingying Jing
incorporate patient-specific immune cells into organoid Writing–review & editing: Rui L. Reis, Xiaoyuan Chen,
models. For example, using autologous stem cells derived Jiacan Su, Changsheng Liu
150
from the patient’s own tissues to generate organoids
could reduce the risk of immune rejection. In addition, Ethics approval and consent to participate
151
advancements in immune-modulation techniques, such Not applicable.
as the development of immunosuppressive biomaterials or
the incorporation of immune cells into organoid cultures, Consent for publication
could help create more accurate disease models and reduce
immune rejection in regenerative therapies. Not applicable.

7. Conclusion Availability of data
Organoids have the potential to significantly advance Not applicable.
biomedical research and clinical practice by bridging References
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Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025) 12 doi: 10.36922/OR025040007