Page 26 - TD-3-2

Tumor Discovery Vasculoendothelium, bone, and cancer in obese children

pathological process characterized by impaired endothelial 2.2. VED
cell function. 1 Fundamental and translational studies have led to a
The endothelium, lining the vasculature, plays a significant understanding of cellular and molecular
pivotal role in regulating vascular tone, inflammation, alterations responsible for endothelial dysfunction.
and coagulation. Emerging evidence suggests a dynamic Unfortunately, progression of atherosclerosis in obese
interplay between obesity and endothelial dysfunction. A adults, who have been chronically affected by endothelial
2
recent study has reported impaired endothelial function dysfunction, is still the dominant topic in literature.
in obese children, emphasizing the importance of Despite technical difficulties and ethical concerns, the
vascular health assessment. Obesity influences endothelial investigation of endothelial function in obese children
function through obesity-related complications such stands as a necessary step to deepen our understanding of
as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, metabolic the initiation and progression of endothelial dysfunction,
syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. An which is crucial to the development of treatment strategies.
association between obesity and endothelial function 2.2.1. VED and obesity
has been demonstrated by means of anthropometric
indices and imaging modalities. In the context of Emerging evidence suggests a dynamic interplay between
3
obesity, metabolic complications (e.g., diabetes) and obesity and endothelial dysfunction. Accumulating
2
cardiovascular complications (e.g., atherosclerosis) are evidence indicates that endothelial dysfunction is an
resulted from dysfunctional adipose tissue that generates independent predictor of cardiovascular events and may
a pro-inflammatory, hyperlipidemic, and insulin-resistant serve as an early indicator of cardiovascular risk in obese
5
environment. 4 children. Childhood obesity has also been associated with
endothelial dysfunction although there has been relatively
Understanding the intricate relationship between little research into the relationship between biomarkers
obesity and vascular health is crucial for early intervention of endothelial activation and either insulin resistance or
and prevention. Although a few studies have explored inflammation in obese children.
the relationships between VED and obesity, information
regarding various vasculoendothelial and inflammatory Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is generated during
markers in obese children is still lacking. oxidative stress, contributes to endothelial dysfunction. ROS
and ox-low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a modified form
After critically examining the literature regarding of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), have been implicated in
various experimental methodologies and verification the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxidative modification
in children, we realize that there are no studies thus far of LDL renders it more atherogenic, promoting endothelial
regarding the correlation between vasculoendothelial dysfunction and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the
and inflammatory markers in obese children and the arterial wall, which might be the mechanisms underlying
implications of obesity for bone health and cancers. atherosclerotic processes in the context of excess adiposity.
5
Thus, the present paper intends to offer a perspective of Oxidative damage of LDL produces ox-LDL, which is
childhood obesity, focusing on vasculoendothelial and implicated in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis
inflammatory markers in the context of obesity, as well as that are often observed in obese children; therefore,
bone growth and cancers in children. exploring the mechanistic relationship between ox-LDL
2. VED and bone health in obese children and endothelial dysfunction would help with identifying
potential therapeutic targets. It has been demonstrated that
2.1. Vascular endothelium the impairment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)
The vascular endothelium serves as a physical barrier and the loss of nitric oxide (NO), a major vasodilator and
between blood and tissues. It is also an endocrine anti-inflammatory agent, are hallmarks of obesity-induced
structure that helps maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. endothelial dysfunction.
Endothelial dysfunction occurs at an early stage in the Although various studies have independently explored
development of atherosclerosis, leading to an increased the impact of vasculoendothelial and inflammatory markers
risk of cardiovascular events. Vascular homeostasis is in the context of childhood obesity, a comprehensive
maintained by a balance between endothelium-derived understanding of their association is still lacking.
relaxing and contracting factors. However, the disruption
of this balance, mediated by inflammatory and traditional 2.3. Vasculoendothelium and bone health
cardiovascular risk factors, renders the vasculature The endothelium is an integral part of bone tissue,
susceptible to atheroma formation. performing physiological paracrine functions through

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 2 doi: 10.36922/td.2825