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Tumor Discovery Vasculoendothelium, bone, and cancer in obese children

most common tumor in children and adolescents, followed diseases, facilitating precise and individualized medical
by chondrosarcoma. The bone is a highly vascularized tissue, treatment for patients. 15
and the vascular endothelium plays a role in regulating Exploration of the dynamics of these adhesion molecules in
bone homeostasis. In the presence of cancer cells, changes the context of obesity and the musculoskeletal would provide
in the bone microenvironment can favor tumor growth valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms
and invasion. Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth underlying obesity-related vascular complications. Emerging
and metastasis, and vascular endothelium is involved in evidence underscores the importance of unveiling further
angiogenesis by releasing growth factors and signaling skeletal-vascular interactions, which are instrumental to
molecules that promote the formation of new blood vessels. enhancing treatment for patients suffering from cancer as
The immune response plays a complex role in cancer, with well as other bone-destructive diseases.
immune cells potentially either suppressing or promoting
tumor growth. The vascular endothelium is involved in the 2.4.2. Markers of vasculoendothelial and bone growth
recruitment of immune cells to the tumor site. Furthermore, Several markers are associated with vasculoendothelial and
vascular endothelium influences the migration of immune bone growth that reflect the dynamic processes involved
cells to the tumor microenvironment, affecting the balance in angiogenesis, bone formation, and remodeling. These
between anti-tumor and pro-tumor immune responses. markers are often used in research and clinical settings to
The relationship between the vascular endothelium assess the status of blood vessels and bone tissue. Common
and cancer is complex and can vary depending on the type markers for vasculoendothelium and bone growth include
of cancer and its microenvironment. The molecular and vasculoendothelial growth factor, endothelial cell markers
cellular mechanisms underlying the interactions between (CD31 [PECAM-1, vWF), bone formation markers
the vascular endothelium and cancer are currently under (osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase), bone resorption
exploration in ongoing research, with a view to uncovering markers (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, C-terminal
potential new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. telopeptide of type I collagen), transforming growth factor-
beta, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth
2.4. Markers of endothelial function factor, and angiopoietins. 16
Various biomarkers of endothelial function and integrity These markers can be measured from blood or tissue
include C-reactive protein, endothelial adhesion molecules, samples to assess the activity of endothelial cells, osteoblasts,
E-selectin, cytokines, CD62+, ox-LDL, asymmetric and osteoclasts. Changes in the levels of these markers can
dimethylarginine, and endocan. Novel biomarkers of provide insights into the status of vasculoendothelium, bone
endothelial dysfunction include endoglin, annexin V+, growth, angiogenesis, bone formation, and remodeling in
matrix metalloproteinases, ANGPTL2, serum homocysteine, cancer and may have implications for cancer diagnosis,
hepatokines, cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs; including prognosis, and/or response to therapeutic interventions.
E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1,
pentraxin-3, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM-1), 3. Conclusion
and various sonographic parameters (liver ultrasound and At present, there are no specific studies addressing the
carotid intima-media thickness parameters). 11-14 possible link between VED and bone health in obese
2.4.1. Markers of endothelial dysfunction children, as well as investigating the diagnostic utility of
vasculoendothelial and bone growth markers in the context
Elevated levels of sICAM-1 have been implicated in obesity- of cancer. However, it is known that the seemingly disparate
related inflammation and could be a potential indicator of research domains of obesity, cardiovascular health, bone
endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. VCAM health, and cancer often intersect, offering a distinct
14
and E-selectin, which are endothelial adhesion molecules, direction to advance research progress. Early identification
contribute to the inflammatory cascade by facilitating the of VED, through measurement of vasculoendothelial
recruitment of immune cells to adipose tissue, thereby markers, opens doors for timely interventions aimed at
exacerbating chronic low-grade inflammation associated preventing its detrimental effects on musculoskeletal
with obesity. 15 health in obese children. Lifestyle modifications, including
Advances in spatial omics such as spatial transcriptomics, dietary changes and increased physical activity, are crucial
epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, and first-line interventions, promoting NO bioavailability and
16
their integrations at various biological scales, may help reducing inflammation. In addition, specific therapeutic
decipher the previously unappreciated pathophysiological strategies targeting endothelial function, such as anti-
mechanisms in bone and refine classifications of certain inflammatory medications and antioxidants, might hold

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 4 doi: 10.36922/td.2825